Internet of Entities (IoE): A Blockchain-based Distributed Paradigm for Data Exchange between Wireless-based Devices

Abstract

The exponential growth of wireless-based solutions, such as those related to the mobile smart devices (e.g., smart-phones and tablets) and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, has lead to countless advantages in every area of our society. Such a scenario has transformed the world a few decades back, dominated by latency, into a new world based on an efficient real-time interaction paradigm. Recently, cryptocurrency have contributed to this technological revolution, the fulcrum of which are a decentralization model and a certification function offered by the socalled blockchain infrastructure, which make it possible to certify the financial transactions, anonymously. However, it should be observed how this challenging scenario has generated new security problems directly related to the involved new technologies (e.g., e-commerce frauds, mobile bot-net attacks, blockchain DoS attacks, cryptocurrency scams, etc.). In this context, we can acknowledge that the scientific community efforts are usually oriented toward specific solutions, instead to exploit all the available technologies, synergistically, in order to define more efficient security paradigms. This paper aims to indicate a possible approach able to improve the security of people and things by introducing a novel blockchain-based distributed paradigm to security defined Internet of Entities (IoE). It represents an effective mechanism for the localization of people and things, which exploits both the huge number of existing wireless-based devices and the blockchain-based distributed ledger technology, overcoming the limits of traditional localization approaches, but without jeopardizing the user privacy. Its operation is based on two core elements with interchangeable roles, entities and trackers, which can be very common elements such as smart-phones, tablets, and IoT devices, and its implementation requires minimal efforts thanks to the existing infrastructures and devices. The possibility of including further information to those of localization, such as those generated by device sensors, gives rise to a novel and widely exploitable data environment, whose applications can be extended to contexts different from that of the localization of people and things, e.g., eHealth, Smart Cities, and so on.

Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review and Directions for Future Research

“…Parallel to the above work, Robereto Saia [155,156] proposed a novel approach for the internet of entities which integrates Mobile and IoT networks into two main components: entities such as the user devices and a tracker that facilitates the transmission of information to the blockchain. The proposed architecture is a blend of Wireless and blockchain networks which can be used for healthcare services, but a proper implementation of such a large and complex network may unlock potential limitations; for example, computational overhead optimization of blockchain might be difficult [155,156]. Esposito et al [157] explored healthcare data security and privacy by introducing different forms of data structure in the blockchain.…”

IoTNet: An Efficient and Accurate Convolutional Neural Network for IoT Devices

“…When interconnected, such networks have been used to tackle a range of problems, including pollution, air, water, food, and fire sensing, heartbeat and blood pressure monitoring, and motion tracking. Furthermore, the studies of [11] presented a novel solution to decentralize data exchange based on wireless IoT and blockchain technologies and highlighted how IoT-based solutions have illustrated exponential growth owing to a rise in IoT applications within smart cities and health tracking domains. Because of the fast growth and the range of interesting applications for IoT devices, more accurate and efficient deep learning models are essential.…”

Incremental Construction for Scalable Component-Based Systems

“…For CPS construction, CBD-based development, by using and reusing secure components [16,17], is in need of the latest development methodologies. These systems may be comprised of many soft and hard components distributed in different locations [18]. In the aforesaid context, the importance of interfaces of components becomes very important.…”