“…Although the idea of social capital can be traced to theorists such as Karl Marx, Alexis de Tocqueville, and Emile Durkheim (Ostrom & Ahn, ; Yang & Lan, ), Ostrom and Ahn () stressed that there are three broad forms of social capital: trustworthiness, network, and formal and informal rules or institutions. Putnam (, p. 19) considered social capital “connections among individuals,” whereas Francis Fukuyama (, p. 16) viewed social capital “as a set of informal values or norms shared among members of a group that permits cooperation among them.” Ostrom and Ahn (, p. xiv) referred to social capital as “an attribute of individuals and of their relationships that enhances their ability to solve collective action problems.” In this study, I define social capital as social networks or relationships (Jones, Clark, Panteli, Proikaki, & Dimitrakopoulos, ; Matsuura & Baba, ) that have value (Putnam, ) and can enhance ES’ ability to solve social problems through trust building (Menzel, Buchecker, & Schulz, ).…”