Interobject grouping facilitates visual awareness

Stein, Timo; Kaiser, Daniel; Peelen, Marius V.

doi:10.1167/15.8.10

Cited by 52 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In psycholinguistics it is now standard to simultaneously model participants and items as random effects by relying on LMMs with crossed random effects (Baayen et al, 2008). Similar voices have been raised for social psychology (Judd et al, 2012;Wolsiefer, Westfall, & Judd, 2016), and these models have been applied in the CFS literature as well (Moors, Boelens, et al, 2016;Stein, Kaiser, & Peelen, 2015). Thus, to ensure proper Type I error control, we implemented LMMs with crossed random effects throughout our reanalyses.…”

Section: Reanalysis #1: Repeatability Of the Reported Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical reexamination of doing arithmetic nonconsciously

Moors

Hesselmann

2017

Psychon Bull Rev

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A recent study claimed to have obtained evidence that participants can solve invisible multistep arithmetic equations (Sklar et al., 2012). The authors used a priming paradigm in which reaction times to targets congruent with the equation's solution were responded to faster compared with incongruent ones. We critically reanalyzed the data set of Sklar et al. and show that the claims being made in the article are not fully supported by the alternative analyses that we applied. A Bayesian reanalysis of the data accounting for the random variability of the target stimuli in addition to the subjects shows that the evidence for priming effects is less strong than initially claimed. That is, although Bayes factors revealed evidence for the presence of a priming effect, it was generally weak. Second, the claim that unconscious arithmetic occurs for subtraction but not for addition is not supported when the critical interaction is tested. Third, the data do not show well-established features of numerosity priming as derived from V-shaped response time curves for prime-target distances. Fourth, we show that it is impossible to classify reaction times as resulting from congruent or incongruent primetarget relationships, which should be expected if their results imply that participants genuinely solve the equations on each trial. We conclude that the claims being made in the original article are not fully supported by the analyses that we apply. Together with a recent failure to replicate the original results and a critique of the analysis based on regression to the mean, we argue that the current evidence for unconscious arithmetic is inconclusive. We argue that strong claims require strong evidence and stress that cumulative research strategies are needed to provide such evidence.

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Section: Reanalysis #1: Repeatability Of the Reported Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical reexamination of doing arithmetic nonconsciously

Moors

Hesselmann

2017

Psychon Bull Rev

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“…However, the same analysis applied on untransformed RTs failed to find a significant interaction between congruency and typicality (F(1, 12112) = 1.53, p = 0.22). To their credit, the authors of published bCFS studies employing LMMs have performed multiple analyses using both rm-ANOVAs and LMMs with both untransformed and log-transformed RTs to confirm their results 9, 10 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…ref. 10. The brief justification that is generally provided is that variability between stimulus-specific suppression durations can be taken into account (as a random factor), but there are other advantages to this method 39, 40 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A measure of central tendency, such as the mean, taken from a distribution that is skewed and long-tailed, as is the case with bCFS, is potentially misleading for such an analysis, since data points in the tail will disproportionately affect the outcome. Additionally, both data transformation and outlier trimming are applied in a number of bCFS studies, and a handful of recent studies have adopted more complex analytical methods, such as linear mixed-models (LMM) 9, 10 and Bayes factor (BF) analyses 11 . However, the justification behind such analysis decisions has not been explicitly addressed, and their adoption is far from mainstream.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Choice of analysis pathway dramatically affects statistical outcomes in breaking continuous flash suppression

Kerr

Hesselmann

Räling

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Breaking Continuous Flash Suppression (bCFS) has been adopted as an appealing means to study human visual awareness, but the literature is beclouded by inconsistent and contradictory results. Although previous reviews have focused chiefly on design pitfalls and instances of false reasoning, we show in this study that the choice of analysis pathway can have severe effects on the statistical output when applied to bCFS data. Using a representative dataset designed to address a specific controversy in the realm of language processing under bCFS, namely whether psycholinguistic variables affect access to awareness, we present a range of analysis methods based on real instances in the published literature, and indicate how each approach affects the perceived outcome. We provide a summary of published bCFS studies indicating the use of data transformation and trimming, and highlight that more compelling analysis methods are sparsely used in this field. We discuss potential interpretations based on both classical and more complex analyses, to highlight how these differ. We conclude that an adherence to openly available data and analysis pathways could provide a great benefit to this field, so that conclusions can be tested against multiple analyses as standard practices are updated.

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“…By the same token, moving dot ensembles containing coherent radial motion were more accurately detected in CFS than dot ensembles containing random motion (Kaunitz et al, 2013). With respect to higher-level stimuli, pairs of objects positioned in typical arrangements (e.g., a mirror above a sink) emerged from CFS faster than the same objects positioned in atypical arrangements (Stein, Kaiser, & Peelen, 2015). Taken together, the results of these previous studies motivated our prediction that a global attentional scope setting would accelerate conscious awareness of otherwise invisible faces, relative to a local scope.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

A global attentional scope setting prioritizes faces for conscious detection

2016

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The scope of visual attention is known to affect conscious object perception, with recent studies showing that a global attentional scope boosts holistic face processing, relative to a local scope. Here we show that attentional scope settings can also modulate the availability of information for conscious visual awareness. In an initial experiment, we show that adopting a global attentional scope accelerates conscious detection of initially invisible faces, presented under continuous flash suppression (CFS). Furthermore, face detection time was not modulated by attentional scope in a nonrivalrous control condition, which emulated the experience of CFS without inducing binocular rivalry. In a follow-up experiment, we report an exact replication of the original effect, as well as data suggesting that this effect is specific to upright faces, and is abolished when using both inverted faces and images of houses in an otherwise identical task. Thus, attentional scope settings can modulate the availability of information to conscious awareness, fundamentally altering the contents of our subjective visual experience.

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Interobject grouping facilitates visual awareness

Cited by 52 publications

References 51 publications

A critical reexamination of doing arithmetic nonconsciously

A critical reexamination of doing arithmetic nonconsciously

Choice of analysis pathway dramatically affects statistical outcomes in breaking continuous flash suppression

A global attentional scope setting prioritizes faces for conscious detection

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