The application of dynamical systems methods and concepts to cognitive phenomena has broadened the range of testable hypotheses and theoretical narratives available to cognitive scientists. Most research in cognitive dynamics tests the degree to which observed cognitive performance is consistent with one or another core phenomena associated with complex dynamical systems, such as tests for phase transitions, coupling among processes, or scaling laws. Early applications of dynamical systems theory to perceptual-motor performance and developmental psychology paved the way for more recent applications of dynamical systems analyses, models, and theoretical concepts in areas such as learning, memory, speech perception, decision making, problem solving, and reading, among others. Reviews of the empirical results of both foundational and contemporary cognitive dynamics are provided. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to cite this article:WIREs Cogn Sci 2012, 3:593-606. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1200
INTRODUCTION
Adynamical system is simply one that changes over time (see Box 1). It is apparent that many of the processes cognitive scientists study-development, learning, the spread of activation in a semantic network, changing patterns of cortical activity, motor behavior, and so on-are intrinsically dynamical. Dynamical systems theory supplies new tools and concepts for understanding these and other cognitive phenomena. The theory offers a full complement of analytical methods (e.g., nonlinear time series analyses) and modeling strategies (e.g., differential equations). Most importantly, it motivates novel theoretical and empirical questions: One may explore the relative stability of a cognitive activity, test for meta-or multi-stability, or test for empirical patterns consistent with scaling behavior, emergence, and self-organization.These kinds of questions complement those posed by mainstream cognitive science-which traditionally has emphasized static properties of mind such as symbolic representations or structural mechanisms of information processing-by focusing explicitly on change 1-9 (see, e.g., Elman 10 for a dynamical interpretation of connectionist models). Much work in cognitive dynamics was inspired by parallel * Correspondence to: michael.riley@uc.edu Center for Cognition, Action, & Perception, Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA efforts to understand the dynamics of perceptionaction. [11][12][13][14][15] Early and significant progress emerged in the domain of motor coordination, where the behavioral phenomena were more obviously dynamical and high-resolution measurement technologies were more readily available. 16 The dynamical account of interlimb rhythmic coordination 12,14 is an example of an early success.Research in cognitive dynamics is often allied with some version of embodiment. [17][18][19][20][21] Dynamical systems were sometimes framed as replacements for computational-representational accounts, 8,19 as distinct but complementary, 22 or even as consistent with inform...