Interrelationships between blood pressure, sodium, potassium, serum cholesterol, and protein intake in Japanese.

Abstract

MASAHIRO KIHARA, JUN FUJIKAWA, MICHIYA OHTAKA, MASAYUKI MANO, YASUO NARA, RYOICHI HORIE, TOKUGORO TSUNEMATSU, SHINYA NOTE, MASAICHI FUKASE, AND YUKIO YAMORI SUMMARY Interrelationships among blood pressure (BP), sodium (Na), potassium (K), dietary protein, and serum cholesterol level (Choi) were examined in 62% (1120) of 1818 Japanese inhabitants of both sexes aged over 30 years who lived in a rural village in Japan. Fasting single-spot urine specimens were collected in the morning to measure Na, K, urea nitrogen (UN), inorganic sulfate (SO 4 ), and creatinine (Cr). The Cr ratios of Na, K, UN, SO 4 , Na/K, and SO4/UN were analyzed by multiple regression analysis to determine independent associations with BP together with age, obesity index, hematocrit (Hct), Choi, triglyceride (TG), and fasting serum glucose level (Glu). Except for Na7 Cr in men, Na/Cr and Na/K were found to be independently and positively related to BP, particularly to systolic BP (SBP). In contrast, K/Cr and SO4/UN (an index related to the dietary score of sulphurcontaining amino acids derived mainly from animal protein) were both negatively associated with SBP, and UN/Cr (an index of total protein intake) was positively associated with SBP in men. Choi was linked to BP negatively in men but positively in women. Age, obesity index, TG, and Hct were generally positively and significantly related to BP in both sexes. The results confirmed on epidemiological grounds the positive link of Na and the negative link of K to BP within a single population in Japan. They further suggest, although only in men, that there is a negative relationship of Choi and dietary animal protein with BP. (Hypertension 6: 736-742, 1984) KEY WORDS • sodium • potassium • animal protein • cholesterol hypertension * multivariate analysis

INTERMAP: background, aims, design, methods, and descriptive statistics (nondietary)

“…[40][41][42] These concordant results led to renewed attention to earlier Japanese findings, indicating an independent inverse relation of dietary protein to BP. [26][27][28][29] Chinese epidemiologic studies also indicated such an influence on BP of dietary protein, and of individual amino acids. [43][44][45] In the late 1980s and early 1990s, reports were published on randomized trials on amount and type of protein, especially vegetable vs animal protein, and BP.…”

“…[22][23][24] It was also reported that vegetarian peoples had lower SBP/DBP than omnivorous 'Westerners', but these papers lacked data on specific ingested nutrients. 25 In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Japanese researchers published data from population studies and animal experiments suggesting an inverse relation of dietary protein (particularly animal protein) to BP [26][27][28][29] Fin contrast to judgements of 'Western' researchers who hypothesized a direct association of protein with BP, or concluded in reviews that the limited available data indicated no relationship. 30,31 INTERSALT Neglect of the nutrition-BP issue began to change in the latter 1980s, in part as a result of the INTERSALT Study.…”

Blood pressure and urinary excretion of electrolytes in Spanish schoolchildren

“…Nonetheless, the weak relationship is of interest, as it is consistent with earlier findings in adult blacks. [24][25][26][27][28][29] McGarvey et al 30 found that maternal K intake during pregnancy correlated inversely with diastolic BP measured when their babies had reached the age of 6 and 12 months. A number of studies have reported an inverse relationship between BP and K intake during infancy and childhood.…”

Epidemiological Evidence of the Association between Dietary Protein Intake and Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Published Data.

“…This dietary protein-BP association was stronger in men than in women, but the coefficients in both genders appeared to be fairly small (ranging from 0.014 to 0.03). This small association may be explained in part by the potential competition risks of multi-factorial effect on BP, such as the associations of BP with salt intake, body mass index, potassium, calcium etc., which have been confirmed to have strong effect on BP in several studies (7,10,13,(26)(27)(28). However, if we consider the long-term effect of such an association and its inter-relation with other factors, a small but significant protein-BP association might play an important role in regulating BP.…”

“…Eleven cross-sectional studies (6,7,(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) were examined (Table 1), and nine of them were found to be suitable for the present meta-analyses (6,7,12,(14)(15)(16)(18)(19)(20). Table 2 shows the regression coefficients of BP on dietary protein intake for each study; in case in which these coefficients were not reported, they were estimated using the relevant data (see Methods).…”