Abstract:The diversity of signalling opportunities within microbial communities, and the significant role of these molecules in coordinating gene expression and promoting biofilm formation, has provided the impetus to investigate the potential of inhibitory analogues to disrupt these networks, thereby providing mechanisms to control or influence the development of dental plaque. Within the oral biofilms, resident bacterial cells interact with one another and exchange messages in the form of signalling molecules and met… Show more
“… 235 , 236 Primary colonizers are primarily gram‐positive cocci and rods, especially Streptococcus species, such as S salivarius . 237 Traditional models of microbial biofilm succession follow a sequential process in which the initial attachment of primary colonizers, namely Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Gemella, Veillonella, Rothia, and Neisseria species, bind to dental pellicle and facilitate subsequent colonization by F nucleatum , which functions as a bridging species between early and late colonizers. 235 From approximately 18 hours to 4 days following colonization of dental biofilm, primary colonizers remain the predominant species among biofilm communities.…”
Section: Plaque Formation and Periodontal Diseasementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Primary colonizers of dental biofilm with specific adhesion factors form weak, long‐range physicochemical interactions with the pellicle to facilitate receptor‐mediated binding 235,236 . Primary colonizers are primarily gram‐positive cocci and rods, especially Streptococcus species, such as S salivarius 237 . Traditional models of microbial biofilm succession follow a sequential process in which the initial attachment of primary colonizers, namely Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Gemella, Veillonella, Rothia, and Neisseria species, bind to dental pellicle and facilitate subsequent colonization by F nucleatum , which functions as a bridging species between early and late colonizers 235 .…”
Section: Plaque Formation and Periodontal Diseasementioning
The field of human microbiome research has undergone a revolution in its approach toward understanding how microorganisms influence the physiology of their host. 1 Development of culture-independent methods has resulted in increased detection and classification of microbial species within microbial communities. 2 technologies, biomarker sequencing, and shotgun metagenomics have become standard tools used to determine the composition and genetic makeup of the human microbiome. 3 Other "-omics" technologies, such as proteomics and metabolomics, support mechanistic hypotheses involved in causal microbial pathways that are related to states of health and disease. 4,5 Since Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first discovered the existence of microbes in the 1700s while analyzing dental plaque under a microscope, the composition of oral microbial communities has been extensively studied. 6 Over 250 species from the oral cavity have been isolated in culture and characterized, including several key pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, involved in the etiology of dental caries and periodontal disease. [7][8][9] An integrated approach toward understanding states of oral disease from the polymicrobial perspective has emerged over time, attributing disease pathology not only to key pathogens but rather to networks of co-occurring microbes, the collective activities of which contribute to pathogenesis. [9][10][11][12] As such, the importance of understanding the divergences, between oral health and disease, in the microbes comprising the system as well as their relative abundance and functional activity, in addition to genetic factors and ecological pressures that drive such changes, is a primary focus of research within the field of oral health research. 9,[13][14][15][16][17] In recent decades, genetic approaches have shed light on the functional capacity of members of oral microbiomes, the mechanistic underpinnings of caries and periodontal disease pathogenesis, and the complex dynamics and fitness factors of key organisms in oral microbiomes. 3,18 The oral microbial ecosystem is constantly exposed to exogenous foreign substances. 17 Such circumstances are defining factors for founding microbes and their ability to persist in this environment, and make for distinct relationships between microbe and host that rely on selective pressures. Pioneer microbial colonizers of the oral cavity, such as Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus salivarius, display core characteristics that make them well suited to this specific niche as they are able to bind selectively to tongue and cheek cells before the teeth emerge and can outcompete other microbial species. 17,19 Emerging teeth acquire a protective glycoprotein coat, which sets in motion successional microbial colonization, resulting in the development of complex polymicrobial biofilm communities, namely dental plaque. 20 These complex dental plaque m...
“… 235 , 236 Primary colonizers are primarily gram‐positive cocci and rods, especially Streptococcus species, such as S salivarius . 237 Traditional models of microbial biofilm succession follow a sequential process in which the initial attachment of primary colonizers, namely Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Gemella, Veillonella, Rothia, and Neisseria species, bind to dental pellicle and facilitate subsequent colonization by F nucleatum , which functions as a bridging species between early and late colonizers. 235 From approximately 18 hours to 4 days following colonization of dental biofilm, primary colonizers remain the predominant species among biofilm communities.…”
Section: Plaque Formation and Periodontal Diseasementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Primary colonizers of dental biofilm with specific adhesion factors form weak, long‐range physicochemical interactions with the pellicle to facilitate receptor‐mediated binding 235,236 . Primary colonizers are primarily gram‐positive cocci and rods, especially Streptococcus species, such as S salivarius 237 . Traditional models of microbial biofilm succession follow a sequential process in which the initial attachment of primary colonizers, namely Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Gemella, Veillonella, Rothia, and Neisseria species, bind to dental pellicle and facilitate subsequent colonization by F nucleatum , which functions as a bridging species between early and late colonizers 235 .…”
Section: Plaque Formation and Periodontal Diseasementioning
The field of human microbiome research has undergone a revolution in its approach toward understanding how microorganisms influence the physiology of their host. 1 Development of culture-independent methods has resulted in increased detection and classification of microbial species within microbial communities. 2 technologies, biomarker sequencing, and shotgun metagenomics have become standard tools used to determine the composition and genetic makeup of the human microbiome. 3 Other "-omics" technologies, such as proteomics and metabolomics, support mechanistic hypotheses involved in causal microbial pathways that are related to states of health and disease. 4,5 Since Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first discovered the existence of microbes in the 1700s while analyzing dental plaque under a microscope, the composition of oral microbial communities has been extensively studied. 6 Over 250 species from the oral cavity have been isolated in culture and characterized, including several key pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, involved in the etiology of dental caries and periodontal disease. [7][8][9] An integrated approach toward understanding states of oral disease from the polymicrobial perspective has emerged over time, attributing disease pathology not only to key pathogens but rather to networks of co-occurring microbes, the collective activities of which contribute to pathogenesis. [9][10][11][12] As such, the importance of understanding the divergences, between oral health and disease, in the microbes comprising the system as well as their relative abundance and functional activity, in addition to genetic factors and ecological pressures that drive such changes, is a primary focus of research within the field of oral health research. 9,[13][14][15][16][17] In recent decades, genetic approaches have shed light on the functional capacity of members of oral microbiomes, the mechanistic underpinnings of caries and periodontal disease pathogenesis, and the complex dynamics and fitness factors of key organisms in oral microbiomes. 3,18 The oral microbial ecosystem is constantly exposed to exogenous foreign substances. 17 Such circumstances are defining factors for founding microbes and their ability to persist in this environment, and make for distinct relationships between microbe and host that rely on selective pressures. Pioneer microbial colonizers of the oral cavity, such as Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus salivarius, display core characteristics that make them well suited to this specific niche as they are able to bind selectively to tongue and cheek cells before the teeth emerge and can outcompete other microbial species. 17,19 Emerging teeth acquire a protective glycoprotein coat, which sets in motion successional microbial colonization, resulting in the development of complex polymicrobial biofilm communities, namely dental plaque. 20 These complex dental plaque m...
“…The oral environment is the richest and most varied in terms of the presence of microorganisms. Within the oral cavity, there are several distinct environments in which different microbial communities are present [ 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Recently published review reports indicate that more than 700 bacterial species have been identified by culture-independent approaches in the human oral cavity while over 250 of them have been described and named [ 28 ].…”
Section: Microbial Flora and Biofilm Formation In Oral Environmentmentioning
Metallic biomaterials in the oral cavity are exposed to many factors such as saliva, bacterial microflora, food, temperature fluctuations, and mechanical forces. Extreme conditions present in the oral cavity affect biomaterial exploitation and significantly reduce its biofunctionality, limiting the time of exploitation stability. We mainly refer to friction, corrosion, and biocorrosion processes. Saliva plays an important role and is responsible for lubrication and biofilm formation as a transporter of nutrients for microorganisms. The presence of metallic elements in the oral cavity may lead to the formation of electro-galvanic cells and, as a result, may induce corrosion. Transitional microorganisms such as sulfate-reducing bacteria may also be present among the metabolic microflora in the oral cavity, which can induce biological corrosion. Microorganisms that form a biofilm locally change the conditions on the surface of biomaterials and contribute to the intensification of the biocorrosion processes. These processes may enhance allergy to metals, inflammation, or cancer development. On the other hand, the presence of saliva and biofilm may significantly reduce friction and wear on enamel as well as on biomaterials. This work summarizes data on the influence of saliva and oral biofilms on the destruction of metallic biomaterials.
“…For example, the inflammatory response of epithelial cells to different bacterial species may be compared [16] or different eukaryotic cell lines may be challenged with the same oral pathogenic species, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a key contributor to the pathogenesis of periodontitis [19]. However, it is known that interactions between [92]). (b) Cells and tissue types present in the oral mucosa, demonstrating complexity of 3D structure.…”
Section: D Cell Culturementioning
confidence: 99%
“… Figure 1. (a) Common bacterial species present in pathogenic oral biofilms and their communication between species (adapted from Parashar et al [ 92 ]). (b) Cells and tissue types present in the oral mucosa, demonstrating complexity of 3D structure.…”
Co-cultures allow for the study of cell-cell interactions between different eukaryotic species or with bacteria. Such an approach has enabled researchers to more closely mimic complex tissue structures. This review is focused on co-culture systems modelling the oral cavity, which have been used to evaluate this unique cellular environment and understand disease progression. Over time, these systems have developed significantly from simple 2D eukaryotic cultures and planktonic bacteria to more complex 3D tissue engineered structures and biofilms. Careful selection and design of the co-culture along with critical parameters, such as seeding density and choice of analysis method, have resulted in several advances. This review provides a comparison of existing co-culture systems for the oral environment, with emphasis on progression of 3D models and the opportunity to harness techniques from other fields to improve current methods. While filling a gap in navigating this literature, this review ultimately supports the development of this vital technique in the field of oral biology.
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