This thesis is dedicated to My beloved parents who have always been there for me My best friend, Dalia, who encouraged me to go on this adventure My wonderful brother, Ali, who has a special place in my heart My colleagues and friends in the Research Department of Practice and Policy, thank you very much for being a lovely, supportive, and caring family. Special gratitude and appreciations must go to Naoko Arakawa, Dalal Alsaeed, Zahra Alsairafi, Eneyi Kpokiri, Mai Almanea and Asma'a Alhaqan, for their effort in lending a listening ear especially during the write-up stage. My lovely family: thank you very much for your support, prayers, and endless love. Mom and Dad: I am very much grateful for your 'every day phone call' making sure I was OK. My little brother, Ali: your inspirational words meant a lot to me. Finally, I would like to thank the Ministry of Higher Education in Saudi Arabia for funding my research.