Intestinal Microbiota and Innate Immunity-Related Gene Alteration in Cirrhotic Rats with Liver Transplantation

The effect of secondary cholestasis on the CD68-positive and CD163-positive macrophage population, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis in rat testis

“…# P < 0.05, * P < 0.01. up-regulation of TLR2 and TLR4 induced by endotoxemia might result in the activation of downstream signaling pathways and expression of various pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1ß, TNF-␣ and IL-6, and induce testicular inflammatory reaction (Bhushan et al, 2009;Jin and Lee, 2008;Lu et al, 2008). The data from the cirrhotic rat (Xie et al, 2011) indicates that there are elevated plasma endotoxin and up-regulated expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the testis and ileum. In cirrhotic patients, the up-regulation of TLR2 and TLR4 expression in blood monocytes can also be observed (Pimentel-Nunes et al, 2011).…”

Microbiota and the liver

“…Xie et al investigated the levels of plasma endotoxin, bacterial translocation, abundance of key bacterial populations, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profile of intestinal mucosa‐associated bacteria, and innate immunity‐related genes in 4 different groups of specific pathogen‐free Sprague Dawley rats: normal controls, cirrhotic rats, normal controls with OLT, and cirrhotic rats with OLT …”

Gut Permeability, Its Interaction with Gut Microflora and Effects on Metabolic Health are Mediated by the Lymphatics System, Liver and Bile Acid

“…Liver cirrhosis is an extreme pathologic end stage of chronic liver disease, which disturbs intestinal microbiota and innate immunity-related genes, and which contributes to endotoxemia and bacterial translocation [83]. Liver cirrhosis is an extreme pathologic end stage of chronic liver disease, which disturbs intestinal microbiota and innate immunity-related genes, and which contributes to endotoxemia and bacterial translocation [83].…”