Oxytocin, a nonapeptide hormone, has a key role in female reproductive functions as well as in social memory in the brain. In our recent Communications Biology article, we reported that oxytocin is transported from the peripheral blood into the brain by the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) in endothelial cells at the blood−brain barrier. Additionally, we found that oral oxytocin is absorbed by RAGE on intestinal epithelial cells at the blood−intestinal barrier. From a physiological perspective, we herein outline the continuing research regarding oxytocin and social behaviour. Oxytocin in female reproduction and beyond Oxytocin is primarily synthesized in the oxytocinergic neurons in the hypothalamus within the brain 1,2. Oxytocin in brain neurons is secreted somato-axono-dendritically into the brain 3,4 and released from the nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary into the circulation 1-4. Within the past decade, oxytocin in the brain has attracted increasing attention because of the importance of oxytocin in species-specific social memory functioning 5-7. Oxytocin in the blood circulation has a primary hormonal role in female reproduction but was not thought to re-enter the brain. Recently, however, based on the practical nasal administration of large doses of oxytocin to humans with and without social deficit-related psychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia 8,9 , oxytocin has been thought to cross the blood−brain barrier (BBB) 3,10. However, there is little or no direct evidence for this transport process, with the exception of two reports that examined human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and microdialysates from the mouse and rat hippocampus and amygdala 11,12. They found that peak levels of oxytocin were observed 30-60 min after the nasal administration of oxytocin in three species 12,13 , which is confirmed in our study as well 14. Furthermore, if oxytocin is indeed transferred from the blood to the brain, the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. How oxytocin crosses the blood−brain barrier The transport of peptides across the BBB requires specific or nonspecific interactions with proteins or receptors that are expressed on the luminal and/or abluminal surfaces of brain