2014
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0180
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Into turbulent air: size-dependent effects of von Kármán vortex streets on hummingbird flight kinematics and energetics

Abstract: Animal fliers frequently move through a variety of perturbed flows during their daily aerial routines. However, the extent to which these perturbations influence flight control and energetic expenditure is essentially unknown. Here, we evaluate the kinematic and metabolic consequences of flight within variably sized vortex shedding flows using five Anna's hummingbirds feeding from an artificial flower in steady control flow and within vortex wakes produced behind vertical cylinders. Tests were conducted at thr… Show more

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Cited by 57 publications
(81 citation statements)
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“…The large pitch and yaw rotation rates of the tail in turbulent airflow almost certainly reflect a combination of passive interactions with the imposed airflow and active compensatory rotations produced by the hummingbirds to correct for perturbations. Consistent with this interpretation, tail pitch angle has previously been shown to be more variable during flight in vortex streets as well (Ortega-Jimenez et al, 2014).…”
Section: Compensatory Turbulence Mitigation Strategiessupporting
confidence: 73%
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“…The large pitch and yaw rotation rates of the tail in turbulent airflow almost certainly reflect a combination of passive interactions with the imposed airflow and active compensatory rotations produced by the hummingbirds to correct for perturbations. Consistent with this interpretation, tail pitch angle has previously been shown to be more variable during flight in vortex streets as well (Ortega-Jimenez et al, 2014).…”
Section: Compensatory Turbulence Mitigation Strategiessupporting
confidence: 73%
“…to create freestream turbulence. The flow conditions generated here are fundamentally different from those used in previous experiments on flight in unsteady flows (Ortega-Jimenez et al, 2013, 2014Ravi et al, 2013), in which bumblebees, hawkmoths and hummingbirds were flown in the unsteady, structured flow present in the wake of a cylinder, where discrete alternating vortices are shed at a constant frequency. These structured wakes rapidly break down into the type of freestream turbulence generated in the present study, which consists of random variations in wind speed and direction that impose unpredictable perturbations at all frequencies and in all directions.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 92%
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“…The convention of treating the three components separately serves the biological community well, as u and w are linked to the mechanical power requirements of flight, with vertical motion affecting induced power costs, and wind causing power use to vary in relation to distance. Sustained turbulence or gusts can also influence flight costs when the turbulent components are of similar scales to the animals themselves, as kinematic or aerodynamic adjustments may be required to maintain flight stability [13,14]. Yet despite the ubiquity of turbulent features, our understanding of how turbulence affects flight performance remains limited.…”
Section: Airflow Components and Flight Speedmentioning
confidence: 99%