Intra-articular lornoxicam loaded PLGA microspheres: enhanced therapeutic efficiency and decreased systemic toxicity in the treatment of osteoarthritis

Drugs and Polymers for Delivery Systems in OA Joints: Clinical Needs and Opportunities

“…PLA has been shown to be biocompatible in rabbit knees [61,62], polyethylene glycol (PEG), often combined with other polymers (e.g., polycaprolactone (PCL)) is biocompatible and able to control release characteristics of the incorporated drug [72][73][74][75], however, by far, the most used synthetic polymer is PLGA. This synthetic polymer has a good biocompatibility and is able to incorporate many different types of drugs [29,31,[35][36][37]39,[42][43][44][45][46]50,60,61,[72][73][74][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84]. Several studies have been published on the incorporation of proteins in different DDSs, a common problem in the classical models (e.g., PLGA), however, is the initial burst release, which can cause local toxic drug concentrations, and the acidic breakdown products can influence protein stability followed by a very slow or no release at all [68,85,86].…”

“…Fourteen studies show incorporation of an NSAID [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] and two studies incorporated Celecoxib (Cxb) [40,41] in their carrier. Glucocorticoids were incorporated in six different studies [42][43][44][45][46][47] and HA in three [48][49][50].…”

Nanoengineered Particles for Enhanced Intra‐Articular Retention and Delivery of Proteins

“…To achieve prolonged release and retention of therapeutics in the intra‐articular space, biomaterials‐based formulations such as hydrogels, liposomes, and polymeric micro‐/nanoparticles have been reported. Compared to the bolus injections of drug itself, Lornoxicam‐encapsulated poly(lactic‐ co ‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles have prolonged the retention in healthy rat joint to 96 h . Large gelatin microparticles (≈70 μm) have also been examined to deliver basic fibroblast growth factor in healthy rabbit joints, however only 3% protein was retained in the joint cavity after 7 d .…”

Newer drug delivery systems in anesthesia

“…The residence time of drugs in intra-articular tissues may be prolonged by microspheres that are designed to improve their uptake by the synovium. [28]…”