Purpose -This paper aims to investigate the scale and drivers of cross-border real estate development in Western Europe and Central and Eastern Europe. Design/methodology/approach -Placing cross-border real estate development within the framework of foreign direct investment (FDI), conceptual complexities in characterizing the notional real estate developer are emphasized. Drawing upon a transaction database, this paper proxies cross-border real estate development flows with asset sales by developers. Findings -Much higher levels of market penetration by international real estate developers are found in the less mature markets of Central and Eastern Europe. Analysis suggests a complex range of determinants with physical distance remaining a consistent barrier to cross-border development flows. Originality/value -This analysis adds significant value in terms of understanding cross-border real estate development flows. In this study, a detailed examination of the issues based on a rigorous empirical analysis through gravity modelling is offered. The gravity framework is one of the most confirmed empirical regularities in international economics and commonly applied to trade, FDI, migration, foreign portfolio investment inter alia. This paper assesses the extent to which it provides useful insights into the pattern of cross-border real estate development flows.
Cross-border real estate development as a form of FDICommonly using gravity models for empirical investigation, there is a voluminous theoretical and empirical literature on cross-border flows of international trade and JFMPC 20,2 Pat has been researching and teaching real estate and planning students at the Bartlett since September 2012. Pat has been involved in numerous research projects funded by or in collaboration with industry partners. He has published widely on a range of topics linked to real estate appraisal and investment. Recently, he has undertaken research projects for ESRC and DCLG focussing on development viability and planning obligations. He has published extensively on the relationship between the financial and the environmental performance of commercial and residential buildings.