Intra-Ring Wood Density and Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity Profiles for Black Spruce and Jack Pine from X-Ray Densitometry and Ultrasonic Wave Velocity Measurement

Kharrat, Wassim; Koubaa, Ahmed; Khlif, Mohamed; Bradaï, Chedly

doi:10.3390/f10070569

Cited by 20 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…One species that was difficult to categorize as Type 1 or 2 was jack pine (Pinus banksiansa Lamb.). An initial decrease from the pith in ring SG was reported by several authors (Villeneuve et al 1987;Barbour et al 1994;Park et al 2009;Kharrat et al 2019), whereas others (Schneider et al 2008;Zhang and Koubaa 2008) showed an increase in ring SG. When an initial decrease in ring SG was observed it was small compared to SG decreases observed in Type 2 softwoods, and it started to increase again within 3-4 years (Park et al 2009;Kharrat et al 2019).…”

Section: Type 1: Wood Sg Increases With Increasing Cambial Agementioning

confidence: 75%

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Radial patterns of specific gravity variation in North American conifers

2022

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An extensive summary of publications reporting radial specific gravity (SG) variation for North American conifers is presented. SG varies from pith to bark in 3 patterns before reaching asymptomatic values: Type 1 (SG increases with cambial age), Type 2 (SG is initially high at the pith, then decreases with age before increasing) and Type 3 (SG decreases with cambial age). North American Pinaceae have either a Type 1 or 2 pattern (majority are Type 2). North American Cupressaceae have a Type 3 pattern, but radial SG data does not exist for some species. We reviewed publications in Table 7-1 of Panshin and de Zeeuw (1970) which reports SG variation by species and Type (the 1980 edition has an equivalent table but doesn’t reference publications), examining sampling strategies and radial patterns. For a small number Type was either incorrectly interpreted or sampling made a conclusion regarding pattern of radial variation impossible. Specific examples of mislabeled Types reported by Panshin and de Zeeuw for Douglas-fir, lodgepole, red and shortleaf pine, and western redcedar are described. We conclude within an individual species the pattern of radial SG variation is consistent, however different patterns have been reported for subspecies of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine.

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Section: Type 1: Wood Sg Increases With Increasing Cambial Agementioning

confidence: 75%

“…These include Jeffery pine at 22-24 years but only assessed up to 15 years(Burdon and Low 1991), black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) at 20(Villeneuve et al (1987) and 25 years(Kharrat et al 2019), 16-year-old grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.)…”

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confidence: 99%

Radial patterns of specific gravity variation in North American conifers

2022

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“…Knapic et al (2007) investigated the relation between RW, the number of rings, density, and cambial age properties of oak wood. Kharrat et al (2019) evaluated the RW, density, and modulus of elasticity (MOE) variations for black spruce and Jack pine woods using UWV measurement in terms of 5, 10, 15, and 20 annual ring numbers (ARNs) from the pith. They stated that the correlation between density and dynamic MOE is positive and statistically significant in rings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of annual ring number and width on ultrasonic waves in some softwood species

Aydın

2022

BioRes

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The effect of annual ring number and width on the longitudinal (P) and transverse (S) ultrasonic wave velocities in the radial direction of black pine, Scots pine, Turkish red pine, and cedar softwoods was evaluated in this study. Annual rings were evaluated using high-resolution images captured with a Lumix camera. The 2.25 MHz P and 1 MHz S wave frequencies were propagated through the radial direction of small clear samples. An increase in ring number caused different changes in the P and S wave velocities. Only Scots pine and cedar presented continuous decreases in P and S wave velocities with the increase in annual rings. On the contrary, VR of Red pine slightly decreased and surpassed the initial value when the ring numbers increased from 5 to 10 and 15, respectively. Furthermore, the greatest decrease (4%) in the velocities was observed for VRL of Red pine. According to one-way ANOVA results, significant relations were only observed for VR vs. ring number of Black pine and cedar. R2 values ranged from 0.0001 (Red pine VR) to 0.18 (Cedar VR) for ring number and 0.0002 (Cedar VR) to 0.44 (Scots pine VR) for ring width. Furthermore, ANOVA results for linear regression analysis showed that VR of Scots pine and VR, VRL, VRT of Red pine can be statistically significantly predicted by the ring widths.

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“…Density is probably the essential property estimated because it is closely correlated with other wood mechanical properties [17,18], and it has been traditionally 2 of 11 considered a fundamental parameter as a wood quality indicator [19]. Furthermore, combining wood density with other NDT results, as the velocity of acoustic wave propagation, dynamic modulus of elasticity is calculated [20][21][22][23][24][25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood Density Determination by Drilling Chips Extraction in Ten Softwood and Hardwood Species

Martínez¹,

Balmori²,

Llana

et al. 2020

Forests

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Research Highlights: The novelty of this study is the development of an accurate wood density estimation method based on a relatively brand new semi-destructive testing technique (drilling chips extraction). This method is especially crucial in the assessment of existing timber structures. Background and Objectives: Probing, drilling, and coring are non-destructive and semi-destructive techniques commonly used for timber density estimation in existing timber structures. Most of these techniques show poor or medium accuracy or are so expensive or destructive. This paper aims to obtain accurate estimation models for wood density in existing structures using the easy to use drilling chips extraction technique. Materials and Methods: 300 specimens (95 × 65 × 200 mm3) from ten softwood and hardwood species covering a wide range of density (from 350 to 980 kg·m−3) were tested after conditioning. The Wood Extractor device based on the drilling chips extraction technique was used in the radial and the tangential direction. Mass of the chips collected (drilling residue) from each drill was recorded. Results: Density obtained from drilling residue was not statistically significantly different between radial and tangential directions avoiding take into account direction when measuring. The density obtained in the whole specimens is slightly higher than the density obtained by drilling residue being this difference uniformly through the range of densities studied. Two different estimation models were presented with high determination coefficients (96% and 97%) and low standard errors. These results were similar to those obtained by other authors using core drilling but causing less damage. Conclusions: Drilling chips extractor is a simple, reliable and inexpensive method to estimate density in existing structures with accuracy.

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Intra-Ring Wood Density and Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity Profiles for Black Spruce and Jack Pine from X-Ray Densitometry and Ultrasonic Wave Velocity Measurement

Cited by 20 publications

References 22 publications

Radial patterns of specific gravity variation in North American conifers

Radial patterns of specific gravity variation in North American conifers

Effects of annual ring number and width on ultrasonic waves in some softwood species

Wood Density Determination by Drilling Chips Extraction in Ten Softwood and Hardwood Species

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