Intracellular events in diabetes mellitus – Behind the scenes

Anti-Inflammatory Action of Resveratrol in the Central Nervous System in Relation to Glucose Concentration—An In Vitro Study on a Blood–Brain Barrier Model

“… Pro-inflammatory consequences of hyper- and hypoglycemia (marked in red and blue, respectively) in the central nervous system (CNS). Increased glucose inflow into pericytes and astrocytes in hyperglycemia leads to excess reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), which results in excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) [ 3 , 11 , 17 ]. This damages the integrity of the blood–brain barrier (B-B-B) and increases its permeability [ 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

“…Hyperglycemia can result in an increased glucose influx to BBB-forming cells (both pericytes and astrocytes) [ 3 , 11 ]. Temporary, incidental high blood sugar levels are not harmful to neurons, because the passage of glucose into the cerebrospinal fluid is tightly regulated by a healthy BBB, but prolonged periods of hyperglycemia in diabetic patients can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in astrocytes and pericytes, primarily due to an accelerated process of aerobic oxidative glycolysis, followed by subsequent reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle that convert oxidized nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) into its reduced form, NADH [ 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Anti-inflammatory action of resveratrol in the central nervous system in relation to glucose concentration - an in vitro study on a blood-brain barrier model

“…Hyperglycemia can result in an increased glucose in ux to BBB-forming cells (both pericytes and astrocytes) [3,11]. Temporary, incidental high blood sugar levels are not harmful to neurons, because the passage of glucose into the cerebrospinal uid is tightly regulated by a healthy BBB, but prolonged periods of hyperglycemia in diabetic patients can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in astrocytes and pericytes, primarily due to an accelerated process of aerobic oxidative glycolysis, followed by subsequent reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle that convert oxidized nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide (NAD+) into its reduced form, NADH [12][13][14].…”

Illuminating physiology

“…Today, bioluminescence-based experimental techniques using enzymatically active luciferin are widely available, aiding molecular physiology in fields as diverse as cardiovascular research, pancreatic ß cell synchronization or general cellular physiology. [4][5][6] From the simplest patches of photoreceptor protein in unicellular animals to complex compound eyes, manifold organisms develop various photoreceptors. This occurs in simple to highly complex species, in close adaptation to the environment and its demands.…”

“…Animals emit light to lure prey or potential mates, or to hide by camouflage and mimicry. Today, bioluminescence‐based experimental techniques using enzymatically active luciferin are widely available, aiding molecular physiology in fields as diverse as cardiovascular research, pancreatic ß cell synchronization or general cellular physiology 4–6 …”