Intracellularly labeled pyramidal neurons in the cortical areas projecting to the spinal cord

Cho, Ryong-Ho; Segawa, Satoko; Mizuno, Akio; Kaneko, Takeshi

doi:10.1016/j.neures.2004.08.006

Cited by 19 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The lack or poverty of apical tufts suggests that these star-pyramidal neurons would not receive the matrix-type IZ afferents that were discussed in the previous section to transmit the basal ganglia information preferentially to L1 ( Figure 6B ). It was further interesting that all these L3d and L4 star-pyramidal neurons showed regular-spiking responses with fast adaptation to current pulse injections ( Figure 5D ; Cho et al, 2004a). The phasic responses of L3d and L4 star-pyramidal neurons suggest that these neurons serve as a kind of high-pass/low-cut filter to the core-like EZ afferents, which mainly convey cerebellar information ( Figure 6B ).…”

Section: Local Inputs To Corticospinal Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Their conclusion was later supported by the presence of L4 in rat area M1 by using immunoreactivity for vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGluT2), which is a marker for thalamic afferents in the cerebral cortex (Fujiyama et al, 2001). The VGluT2-immunoreactive band in area M1 is continuous to that of area S1, and VGluT2 immunoreactivity in the band is as intense as that in L4 of area S1, although the band is thinner than L4 of area S1 (Cho et al, 2004a). However, in the present review, “the deepest part of L3 (L3d)” is conservatively used instead of “L4” in areas M1 and M2 to indicate the cortical layer receiving massive afferents from the thalamic nuclei, and “L2/3” is applied to superficial layers excluding this L3d to keep L2/3 of areas M1 and M2 homologous to L2/3 of areas HL and FL.…”

Section: Motor-associated Areas In Rodentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two groups of excitatory neurons were different in electrical properties: L2/3 pyramidal neurons showed regular-spiking responses with slow adaptation (B) , whereas L3d/L4 star-pyramidal neurons exhibited regular-spiking ones with fast adaptation (D) , when a long depolarizing current pulse was injected. Modified with permission from Figures 2–4 of Cho et al (2004b) and Figures 4 and 5 of Cho et al (2004a).…”

Section: Local Inputs To Corticospinal Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In L3d of area M1 and L4 of areas HL and FL, about 2/3 of spiny cells were star-pyramidal neurons, and the remaining 1/3 were pyramidal neurons (Cho et al, 2004a). The lack or poverty of apical tufts suggests that these star-pyramidal neurons would not receive the matrix-type IZ afferents that were discussed in the previous section to transmit the basal ganglia information preferentially to L1 ( Figure 6B ).…”

Section: Local Inputs To Corticospinal Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Local connections of excitatory neurons in motor-associated cortical areas of the rat

Kaneko¹

2013

Front. Neural Circuits

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In spite of recent progress in brain sciences, the local circuit of the cerebral neocortex, including motor areas, still remains elusive. Morphological works on excitatory cortical circuitry from thalamocortical (TC) afferents to corticospinal neurons (CSNs) in motorassociated areas are reviewed here. First, TC axons of motor thalamic nuclei have been re-examined by the single-neuron labeling method. There are middle layer (ML)-targeting and layer (L) 1-preferring TC axon types in motor-associated areas, being analogous to core and matrix types, respectively, of Jones (1998) in sensory areas. However, the arborization of core-like motor TC axons spreads widely and disregards the columnar structure that is the basis of information processing in sensory areas, suggesting that motor areas adopt a different information-processing framework such as area-wide laminar organization. Second, L5 CSNs receive local excitatory inputs not only from L2/3 pyramidal neurons but also from ML spiny neurons, the latter directly processing cerebellar information of corelikeTC neurons (TCNs). In contrast, basal ganglia information is targeted to apical dendrites of L2/3 and L5 pyramidal neurons through matrix TCNs. Third, L6 corticothalamic neurons (CTNs) are most densely innervated by ML spiny neurons located just above CTNs. Since CTNs receive only weak connections from L2/3 and L5 pyramidal neurons, theTC recurrent circuit composed of TCNs, ML spiny neurons and CTNs appears relatively independent of the results of processing in L2/3 and L5. It is proposed that two circuits sharing the same TC projection and ML neurons are embedded in the neocortex: one includes L2/3 and L5 neurons, processes afferent information in a feedforward way and sends the processed information to other cortical areas and subcortical regions; and the other circuit participates in a dynamical system of theTC recurrent circuit and may serve as the basis of autonomous activity of the neocortex.

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Section: Local Inputs To Corticospinal Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Motor-associated Areas In Rodentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Local Inputs To Corticospinal Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Local Inputs To Corticospinal Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Local connections of excitatory neurons in motor-associated cortical areas of the rat

Kaneko¹

2013

Front. Neural Circuits

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“…Despite their different projection targets and acknowledged heterogeneity (Tseng and Prince, 1993; Cho et al, 2004a,b; Gao and Zheng, 2004) they are generally described as commissural or corticofugal projection neurons with electrophysiological, synaptic and morphological properties similar to those seen in neocortex (Chagnac-Amitai et al, 1990; Mason and Larkman, 1990; Schubert et al, 2006) and frontal, sensory and motor cortices (Kasper et al, 1994; Christophe et al, 2005; Morishima and Kawaguchi, 2006; Le Be et al, 2007; Anderson et al, 2010; Groh et al, 2010; Sheets et al, 2011; Kiritani et al, 2012; Suter et al, 2012). Given the diversity of projection targets for the motor cortex and the growing detail of cellular differences in other cortices (Hattox and Nelson, 2007; Otsuka and Kawaguchi, 2008, 2011; Brown and Hestrin, 2009; Schmidt et al, 2012), a separation based upon two broad projection neuron types in M1 seems limiting and dated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of layer 5 projection neurons in the mouse motor cortex

Oswald¹,

Tantirigama²,

Sonntag³

et al. 2013

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

141

154

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In the primary motor cortex (M1), layer 5 projection neurons signal directly to distant motor structures to drive movement. Despite their pivotal position and acknowledged diversity these neurons are traditionally separated into broad commissural and corticofugal types, and until now no attempt has been made at resolving the basis for their diversity. We therefore probed the electrophysiological and morphological properties of retrogradely labeled M1 corticospinal (CSp), corticothalamic (CTh), and commissural projecting corticostriatal (CStr) and corticocortical (CC) neurons. An unsupervised cluster analysis established at least four phenotypes with additional differences between lumbar and cervical projecting CSp neurons. Distinguishing parameters included the action potential (AP) waveform, firing behavior, the hyperpolarisation-activated sag potential, sublayer position, and soma and dendrite size. CTh neurons differed from CSp neurons in showing spike frequency acceleration and a greater sag potential. CStr neurons had the lowest AP amplitude and maximum rise rate of all neurons. Temperature influenced spike train behavior in corticofugal neurons. At 26°C CTh neurons fired bursts of APs more often than CSp neurons, but at 36°C both groups fired regular APs. Our findings provide reliable phenotypic fingerprints to identify distinct M1 projection neuron classes as a tool to understand their unique contributions to motor function.

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Pyramidal neurons in the superficial layers of rat retrosplenial cortex exhibit a late-spiking firing property

et al. 2012

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The rodent granular retrosplenial cortex (GRS) is reciprocally connected with the hippocampus. It is part of several networks implicated in spatial learning and memory, and is known to contain head-direction cells. There are, however, few specifics concerning the mechanisms and microcircuitry underlying its involvement in spatial and mnemonic functions. In this report, we set out to characterize intrinsic properties of a distinctive population of small pyramidal neurons in layer 2 of rat GRS. These neurons, as well as those in adjoining layer 3, were found to exhibit a late-spiking (LS) firing property. We established by multiple criteria that the LS property is a consequence of delayed rectifier and A-type potassium channels. These were identified as Kv1.1, Kv1.4 and Kv4.3 by Genechip analysis, in situ hybridization, single-cell reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and pharmacological blockade. The LS property might facilitate comparison or integration of synaptic inputs during an interval delay, consistent with the proposed role of the GRS in memory-related processes.

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Intracellularly labeled pyramidal neurons in the cortical areas projecting to the spinal cord

Cited by 19 publications

References 51 publications

Local connections of excitatory neurons in motor-associated cortical areas of the rat

Local connections of excitatory neurons in motor-associated cortical areas of the rat

Diversity of layer 5 projection neurons in the mouse motor cortex

Pyramidal neurons in the superficial layers of rat retrosplenial cortex exhibit a late-spiking firing property

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