Intracranial Connections of the Vertebral Venous Plexus: Anatomical Study with Application to Neurosurgical and Endovascular Procedures at the Craniocervical Junction

Abstract

Knowledge of these connections is useful to neurosurgeons and interventional radiologists.

Perispinal etanercept advances as a neurotherapeutic

“…The vascular route through which PSE travels has become more familiar to the scientific community since 2010 [6,20,21,[28][29][30]. Prior to a 2006 review, the anatomy and physiology of this route, the cerebrospinal venous system (CSVS), had fallen into obscurity for decades [2,20,21,28,29].…”

“…Drugs reaching the external vertebral venous plexus will then invariably drain into the internal vertebral venous plexus (IVVP), a constituent of the CSVS [20,21,28]. Once a drug reaches the valveless IVVP, it is capable of being distributed into the cerebral venous system, including the choroid plexus [2,20,21,23,24,[28][29][30]. The flow in the IVVP is bidirectional [2,6,[20][21][22][23][24][25]28,30].…”

“…Once a drug reaches the valveless IVVP, it is capable of being distributed into the cerebral venous system, including the choroid plexus [2,20,21,23,24,[28][29][30]. The flow in the IVVP is bidirectional [2,6,[20][21][22][23][24][25]28,30]. The clinical significance of the anatomy and physiology of the CSVS merits its inclusion as a standard part of medical training, from which it has been largely omitted for decades [20,21,24,[27][28][29][30].…”

The Anterior Condylar Arteriovenous Fistula from the Viewpoint of the Osseous Venous Anatomy

“…18) It was always continuous with the anterior condylar vein, and most JTVCs had another connection with the surrounding venous structures through intraosseous or transosseous channels: the brain. [26][27][28][29][30][31][32] The venous channels in this region are valveless; they enable blood to move freely within them 24,33,34) and provide connections with the internal jugular system and vertebral venous system through the surrounding venous structures. It is possible that these osseous venous structures along with the surrounding venous structures can be considered to consist of the venous network, which enables blood to change its flow direction smoothly during postural changes ( Fig.…”

Therapeutic implications of how TNF links apolipoprotein E, phosphorylated tau, α‐synuclein, amyloid‐β and insulin resistance in neurodegenerative diseases

“…Speaking after acceptance of a 2017 Smithsonian Ingenuity Award (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/neurosurgeon-remarkable-plan-stroke-victims-stem-cells-180967211), this researcher quite reasonably – considering the now abundant evidence from perispinal etanercept from 2011 as well as his intra‐cerebral injection of SB623 cells – argued for reactivating circuits historically considered dead rather than dormant being the future for achieving sustained improvement in a number of neurological diseases. It is relevant to note here that the logic of the perispinal route has recently been greatly enhanced by new studies on the anatomy of the cranial extensions of the spinal venous plexuses at the cranio‐cervical junction (Tubbs et al ., ). The readiness of 51 neurosurgical centres across the US to be involved in a formal expansion of this SB623 approach (Steinberg et al ., ) (https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02448641) is most encouraging, since it implies that the stroke research community is finally comfortable with discarding the traditional tenet of neurology that if post‐stroke functional loss is still present some months after the event, it inevitably signifies irreversibility through cerebro‐cellular death.…”