“…60 Encephaloceles protruding into the infratemporal fossa or pterygopalatine fossa, or toward the lateral wall of the nasopharynx (anteroinferior or transalar encephaloceles) are commonly associated with deficits involving the horizontal portion of the greater sphenoidal wing, laterally to the cranial base foramina of the sphenoidal bone (foramen ovale and rotundum). 11,15,21,28,36,47,49,50,55 Such en-cephaloceles may either remain clinically occult until adulthood, and then present with nonspecific symptoms, 47 or constitute the pathological substrate of a cohort of patients without mesial sclerosis who suffer from medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. 11,15,28,42,44 Osseous defects located in the anteromedial portion of the middle cranial fossa, or more medially in the region of the sphenoidal wing foramina, could lead to the genesis of encephaloceles protruding into the sphenoid sinus or its lateral recess (anteromedial or lateral sphenoidal encephaloceles).…”