“…Since that report, little progress has been made, and, on average, only 20% of ovarian oocytes complete nuclear maturation in vitro (Cinone et al, 1992;Yamada et al, 1992Yamada et al, , 1993Nickson et al, 1993;Bolamba et al, 1998Bolamba et al, , 2002England, 1998, 1999a, Hewitt andEngland, b;Otoi et al, , 2001Otoi et al, , 2002Luvoni et al, 2001Luvoni et al, , 2003Saint-Dizier et al, 2001a, b;Songsasen et al, , 2003bRodrigues and Rodrigues, 2003a, b;Kim et al, 2004Kim et al, , 2005Rodrigues et al, 2004;de los Reyes et al, 2005). As a consequence of this inability to develop a consistently effective IVM system, other techniques that require in vitro oocyte culture (e.g., IVF) also have met with limited success (Yamada et al, 1992;Fulton et al, 1998;England et al, 2001;Rodrigues et al, 2004). For example, over the past 30 years, there has been only a handful of studies reporting embryonic development in the dog after IVM/IVF (Yamada et al, 1992;England et al, 2001;Rodrigues et al, 2004).…”