Intraocular Oxygen Distribution in Advanced Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Lange, Clemens; Stavrakas, Panagiotis; Luhmann, Ulrich F O; Silva, Don Julian de; Ali, Robin R.; Gregor, Zdeněk; Bainbridge, James

doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2011.02.014

Cited by 86 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Lange and coworkers used an optical oxygen sensor to measure oxygen tension in the vitreous of PDR patients as vitrectomy was being performed [67]. Surprisingly, mean oxygen tension at the posterior pole (at the retinal surface) was increased in PDR patients and oxygen tension levels were positively correlated with vitreous VEGF levels.…”

Section: J Clin Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angiogenic Factors and Cytokines in Diabetic Retinopathy

Abcouwer¹

2011

J Clin Cell Immunol

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Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a sight-threatening complication of both type-1 and type-2 diabetes. The recent success of treatments inhibiting the function of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) demonstrates that specific targeting of a growth factor responsible for vascular permeability and growth is an effective means of treating DRtargets involved in the control of retinal vascular function. However, additional treatment options and preventative measures are still needed and these require a greater understanding of the pathological mechanisms leading to the disturbance of retinal tissue homeostasis in DR. Although severe DR can be treated as a vascular disease, abundant data suggests that inflammation is also occurring in the diabetic retina.Thus, anti-inflammatory therapies may also be useful for treatment and prevention of DR. Herein, the evidence for altered expression of angiogenic factors and cytokines in DR is reviewed and possible mechanisms by which the expression of VEGF and cytokines may be increased in the diabetic retina are examined. In addition, the potential role for microglial activation in diabetic retinal neuroinflammation is explored.

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Section: J Clin Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angiogenic Factors and Cytokines in Diabetic Retinopathy

Abcouwer¹

2011

J Clin Cell Immunol

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“…In patients undergoing ocular surgery, midvitreous Po 2 was lower than near the retina (14) and the anterior vitreous (1,14). However, there are reports of lower vitreal Po 2 near the retina than other regions (4,18). These reported regional differences in the human eye are generally small (,4 mm Hg) (1,3,14,18), and different diseases might have different effects on the spatial distribution of Po 2 (3,18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 81%

“…However, there are reports of lower vitreal Po 2 near the retina than other regions (4,18). These reported regional differences in the human eye are generally small (,4 mm Hg) (1,3,14,18), and different diseases might have different effects on the spatial distribution of Po 2 (3,18). Future studies will investigate Po 2 in eye diseases and improve spatial resolution to map Po 2 of the anterior chamber and the vitreous close to ocular tissue interface (such as retina, lens, and ciliary bodies).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Vitreous: MR Imaging of Oxygen Partial Pressure

Muir¹,

Zhang²,

Nateras³

et al. 2013

Radiology

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Purpose:To develop a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging approach to noninvasively image quantitative Po 2 in the human vitreous. Materials and Methods:Human studies were approved by the institutional review board with informed consent obtained from all subjects and were HIPAA compliant. Animal studies were performed with animal care committee approval. An MR imaging method to measure the longitudinal relaxation rate, or R1, of water was implemented with a 3.0-T MR imager. R1 was calibrated in water phantoms at multiple Po 2 and temperature conditions (n = 10) and in ex vivo animal vitreous (n = 2). Vitreous Po 2 was imaged in three human volunteers (age range, 26-28 years) in multiple sessions on separate days to evaluate reproducibility. The effects of temperature and ambient air were evaluated by acquiring data with the eye open and closed. Statistical analysis consisted of t tests, with P less than .05 indicating significant difference.

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“…Higher resistance in vascular system results in further raise in VEGF production which in turn causes changes in structure and ratio of collagen to elastin which makes blood vessels stiffer and leads to increase in blood pressure (Iglesias-de la Cruz et al, 2002;Kvanta et al, 2006;Wirostko et al, 2008). Increased levels of VEGF has been detected in vitreous of adult patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (Maier et al, 2008;Marek et al, 2010;Lange et al, 2011). Moreover, it has been demonstrated that high level of VEGF in vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy has been associated with increased VEGF level in serum (Maier et al, 2008).…”

Section: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (Vegf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result of enhanced vascular permeability, oedemas and haemorrhages appear in the retina. Moreover, the closure of retinal vessels leads to areas with loss of blood flow within retina, which causes its chronic ischaemia and hypoxia and subsequent increase in the production of growth factors that, in turn, induce angiogenesis, formation of arterio-venous anastomoses and proliferation of fibrous tissue within retina and optic nerve disc (Yoshida et al, 2004;Curtis et al, 2009;Roy et al, 2010;Lange et al 2011). It is commonly accepted that hyperglycaemia plays crucial role in pathogenesis of diabetic angiopathy (Roy et al, 2010;Kowluru et al, 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%