Intraregional variation among Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae) strains from southern Chile: Morphological, toxicological and genetic diversity

Varela, Daniel; Paredes, Javier; Alves‐de‐Souza, Catharina; Seguel, Mauricio; Sfeir, Andrea; Frangópulos, Máximo

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.029

Cited by 58 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Another strain ACT03 from Thau Lagoon, isolated in 2003, was characterized by the dominance of C2, C4, GTX4 and GTX5 . In contrast, A. catenella (Group I), renamed Alexandrium fundyense by John et al (2014), from the southern coast of Chile showed a dominance of C1,2 or GTX1,4 depending on the strain (Varela et al, 2012). Significant intra and inter-specific variations in toxin profile were observed among Alexandrium populations in different ecosystems under different environmental conditions (Alpermann et al, 2010;Anderson et al, 2012;Laabir et al, 2013).…”

Section: A Pacificum From Bizerte Lagoonmentioning

confidence: 94%

Alexandrium pacificum Litaker sp. nov (Group IV): Resting cyst distribution and toxin profile of vegetative cells in Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia, Southern Mediterranean Sea)

Fertouna-Bellakhal

Dhib

Fathalli³

et al. 2015

Harmful Algae

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Section: A Pacificum From Bizerte Lagoonmentioning

confidence: 94%

Alexandrium pacificum Litaker sp. nov (Group IV): Resting cyst distribution and toxin profile of vegetative cells in Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia, Southern Mediterranean Sea)

Fertouna-Bellakhal

Dhib

Fathalli³

et al. 2015

Harmful Algae

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“…Balech sensu Varela et al (2012), strain morphology illustrated in figure 2, LSU phylogeny in figure 4.…”

Section: Alexandrium Fundyense Balech 1985 Emended Dm Anderson (Gromentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anderson (i.e. Aguilera-Belmonte et al 2011; Varela et al 2012). This applies also to specimens isolated from California, the type locality of A. catenella (i.e.…”

Section: Alexandrium Pacificum Litaker Sp Nov (Group Iv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Formal Revision of the Alexandrium tamarense Species Complex (Dinophyceae) Taxonomy: The Introduction of Five Species with Emphasis on Molecular-based (rDNA) Classification

John

Litaker

Montresor

et al. 2014

Protist

290

225

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The Alexandrium tamarense species complex is one of the most studied marine dinoflagellate groups due to its ecological, toxicological and economic importance. Several members of this complex produce saxitoxin and its congeners – potent neurotoxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning. Isolates from this complex are assigned to A. tamarense, A. fundyense, or A. catenella based on two main morphological characters: the ability to form chains and the presence/absence of a ventral pore between Plates 1′ and 4′. However, studies have shown that these characters are not consistent and/or distinctive. Further, phylogenies based on multiple regions in the rDNA operon indicate that the sequences from morphologically indistinguishable isolates partition into five clades. These clades were initially named based on their presumed geographic distribution, but recently were renamed as Groups I–V following the discovery of sympatry among some groups. In this study we present data on morphology, ITS/5.8S genetic distances, ITS2 compensatory base changes, mating incompatibilities, toxicity, the sxtA toxin synthesis gene, and rDNA phylogenies. All results were consistent with each group representing a distinct cryptic species. Accordingly, the groups were assigned species names as follows: Group I, A. fundyense; Group II, A. mediterraneum; Group III, A. tamarense; Group IV, A. pacificum; Group V, A. australiense.

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“…In Chile, both groups of toxins have been identified in recent years (García et al 2012;Zamorano et al 2013), and the production of STX-group toxins have been associated with the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella (Krock et al 2007;Varela et al 2012), and OA-group toxins with dinoflagellates Dinophysis acuta and Dinophysis acuminata (Seguel & Sfeir 2010;Alves de Souza et al 2014). The identification of these toxins has been associated with southern regions of Chile, which are areas of great abundance of marine species resources with high commercial value that are mostly exported to different parts of the world, mainly Europe and Asia .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saxitoxins and okadaic acid group: accumulation and distribution in invertebrate marine vectors from Southern Chile

Garcı́a

Pérez

Contreras

et al. 2015

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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Harmful algae blooms (HABs) are the main source of marine toxins in the aquatic environment surrounding the austral fjords in Chile. Huichas Island (Aysén) has an history of HABs spanning more than 30 years, but there is limited investigation of the bioaccumulation of marine toxins in the bivalves and gastropods from the Region of Aysén. In this study, bivalves (Mytilus chilenses, Choromytilus chorus, Aulacomya ater, Gari solida, Tagelus dombeii and Venus antiqua) and carnivorous gastropods (Argobuccinum ranelliformes and Concholepas concholepas) were collected from 28 sites. Researchers analysed the accumulation of STX-group toxins using a LC with a derivatisation post column (LC-PCOX), while lipophilic toxins (OA-group, azapiracids, pectenotoxins and yessotoxins) were analysed using LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionisation (+/-) in visceral (hepatopancreas) and non-visceral tissues (mantle, adductor muscle, gills and foot). Levels of STX-group and OA-group toxins varied among individuals from the same site. Among all tissue samples, the highest concentrations of STX-group toxins were noted in the hepatopancreas in V. antiqua (95 ± 0.1 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1)), T. dombeii (148 ± 1.4 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1)) and G. solida (3232 ± 5.2 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1); p < 0.05); in the adductor muscle in M. chilensis (2495 ± 6.4 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1); p < 0.05) and in the foot in C. concholepas (81 ± 0.7 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1)) and T. dombeii (114 ± 1.2 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1)). The highest variability of toxins was detected in G. solida, where high levels of carbamate derivatives were identified (GTXs, neoSTX and STX). In addition to the detected hydrophilic toxins, OA-group toxins were detected (OA and DTX-1) with an average ratio of ≈1:1. The highest levels of OA-group toxins were in the foot of C. concholepas, with levels of 400.3 ± 3.6 μg OA eq kg(-1) (p < 0.05) and with a toxic profile composed of 90% OA. A wide range of OA-group toxins was detected in M. chilensis with a toxicity < 80 μg OA eq kg(-1), but with 74% of those toxins detected in the adductor muscle. In all evaluated species, there was no detection of lipophilic toxins associated with biotransformation in molluscs and carnivorous gastropods. In addition, the STX-group and OA-group toxin concentrations in shellfish was not associated with the presence of HAB. The ranking of toxin concentration in the tissues of most species was: digestive glands > mantle > adductor muscle for the STX-group toxins and foot > digestive gland for the OA-group toxins. These results gave a better understanding of the variability and compartmentalisation of STX-group and OA-group toxins in different bivalve and gastropod species from the south of Chile, and the analyses determined that tissues could play an important role in the biotransformation of STX-group toxins and the retention of OA-group toxins.

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Intraregional variation among Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae) strains from southern Chile: Morphological, toxicological and genetic diversity

Cited by 58 publications

References 53 publications

Alexandrium pacificum Litaker sp. nov (Group IV): Resting cyst distribution and toxin profile of vegetative cells in Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia, Southern Mediterranean Sea)

Alexandrium pacificum Litaker sp. nov (Group IV): Resting cyst distribution and toxin profile of vegetative cells in Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia, Southern Mediterranean Sea)

Formal Revision of the Alexandrium tamarense Species Complex (Dinophyceae) Taxonomy: The Introduction of Five Species with Emphasis on Molecular-based (rDNA) Classification

Saxitoxins and okadaic acid group: accumulation and distribution in invertebrate marine vectors from Southern Chile

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