Intraspecific variation of anatomical and chemical defensive traits in Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) as factors in susceptibility to the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)

Zas, Rafael; Moreira, Xoaquín; Ramos, Miguel A.; Lima, Marta R. M.; Silva, Marta Nunes da; Solla, Alejandro; Vasconcelos, Marta W.; Sampedro, Luís

doi:10.1007/s00468-014-1143-6

Cited by 53 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…This included terpenoids, both constitutive and induced, of which resin is comprised. Similar results were obtained by Zas et al () with Pinus pinaster . Constitutive and induced starches, sugars, and phenolics were highly variable and likewise did not exhibit clear patterns.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In some instances, resin ducts have been related to tree survival to bark beetles, with larger size and higher numbers having stronger relationships with survival (Ferrenberg, Kane, & Mitton, ; Hood, Sala, Heyerdahl, Boutin, & Raffa, ; Kane & Kolb, ). These processes have linkages, in that resin cells extend throughout the plant to produce and deliver chemicals in attacked tissues (Björkman, Larsson, & Gref, ; Zas et al, ). Although some studies examined both anatomical and chemical components of tree defence (Bentz, Hood, Hansen, Vandygriff, & Mock, ), or within‐tree correlations within seedlings (Moreira, Zas, Solla, & Sampedro, ), to our knowledge, none have tested their relatedness within the same mature trees or compared relationships between species of different exposure histories.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomical defences against bark beetles relate to degree of historical exposure between species and are allocated independently of chemical defences within trees

Mason

Keefover‐Ring

Villari

et al. 2018

Plant Cell & Environment

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Conifers possess chemical and anatomical defences against tree‐killing bark beetles that feed in their phloem. Resins accumulating at attack sites can delay and entomb beetles while toxins reach lethal levels. Trees with high concentrations of metabolites active against bark beetle‐microbial complexes, and more extensive resin ducts, achieve greater survival. It is unknown if and how conifers integrate chemical and anatomical components of defence or how these capabilities vary with historical exposure. We compared linkages between phloem chemistry and tree ring anatomy of two mountain pine beetle hosts. Lodgepole pine, a mid‐elevation species, has had extensive, continual contact with this herbivore, whereas high‐elevation whitebark pines have historically had intermittent exposure that is increasing with warming climate. Lodgepole pine had more and larger resin ducts. In both species, anatomical defences were positively related to tree growth and nutrients. Within‐tree constitutive and induced concentrations of compounds bioactive against bark beetles and symbionts were largely unrelated to resin duct abundance and size. Fewer anatomical defences in the semi‐naïve compared with the continually exposed host concurs with directional differences in chemical defences. Partially uncoupling chemical and morphological antiherbivore traits may enable trees to confront beetles with more diverse defence permutations that interact to resist attack.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical defences against bark beetles relate to degree of historical exposure between species and are allocated independently of chemical defences within trees

Mason

Keefover‐Ring

Villari

et al. 2018

Plant Cell & Environment

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“…Many pine species, especially those with isolated and fragmented small populations, harbour large intraspecific genetic variation, with high population differentiation in many different life‐history traits (Grivet et al ., ), including resistance to pathogens (e.g. Zas et al ., ). Specifically, resistance to F. circinatum is known to vary among populations in a wide array of pine species, including Pinus leiophyla (Dvorak et al ., ), P. patula (Hodge & Dvorak, ; Dvorak et al ., ), P. tecunumanii (Hodge & Dvorak, ; Dvorak et al ., ), P. oocarpa (Dvorak et al ., ) and Pinus pinaster (Iturritxa et al ., ; Elvira‐Recuenco et al ., ).…”

Section: Exploiting Genetic Resistance Against F Circinatummentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmentally friendly methods for controlling pine pitch canker

et al. 2019

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Fusarium circinatum is a highly virulent invasive pathogen that causes the disease commonly known as pine pitch canker (PPC). On mature trees, the most common symptoms of PPC include resin bleeding, resinous cankers, wilting of needles and dieback. In nurseries the main symptoms are yellowish needles, and wilting of foliage and shoots. PPC is considered one of the most important diseases of conifers globally and at least 60 species of Pinus along with Pseudotsuga menziesii are known to be susceptible. Quarantine regulations are crucial to minimize the risk of new introductions into disease‐free countries. However, if these measures fail, implementation of environmentally friendly control methods is currently encouraged in an integrated management approach that minimizes the use of chemicals in forests. This review therefore summarizes current knowledge of biological control using endophytic fungi, bacteria and viruses, and other environmentally friendly methods to control PPC, including thermotherapy, natural products with fungicidal effects, promoters of innate host resistance mechanisms and breeding for resistance. Key research gaps to be addressed for improvement of effective management of this disease are discussed.

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“…pinaster being the most susceptible and Pinus pinea as the most resistant species [107]. However, Zas et al [108] reported intraspecific variation in resistance to PWN in Pi. pinaster at the provenance level.…”

Section: Pinewood Nematodementioning

confidence: 99%

The Natural Evolutionary Potential of Tree Populations to Cope with Newly Introduced Pests and Pathogens—Lessons Learned From Forest Health Catastrophes in Recent Decades

et al. 2016

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Emerging diseases often originate from host shifts of introduced pests or pathogens. Genetic resistance of the host to such diseases might be limited or absent due to the lack of coevolutionary history. We review six examples of major disease outbreaks on native tree species caused by different introduced pests and pathogens that led to large ecological and economical losses. In all six cases, high tree mortality was observed in natural populations with some surviving individuals exhibiting varying levels of genetic resistance. The abundance and distribution of resistant individuals and the heritability of resistance traits varies substantially among the cases. While chestnut blight wilt combined with ink disease has virtually eliminated mature Castanea dentata trees from North America, other severe emerging diseases, such as the ash dieback, have left many surviving trees and genetic variation in resistance to such diseases has been documented. We argue that the evolutionary potential of tree species to respond to new emerging diseases should not be underestimated. However, the risk of increased levels of inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity caused by low population sizes is a major concern. Maintenance of broad genetic diversity is an important issue in conservation and forestry management. We expect that future research targeting the genetic background of biotic resistance towards emerging diseases and the role of endophytic communities in protecting trees will facilitate the informed and science-based guidance required to manage and maintain forests with high resilience. International cooperation on limiting disease spread and the provision of early invasive pest or pathogen detection systems are essential.

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Intraspecific variation of anatomical and chemical defensive traits in Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) as factors in susceptibility to the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)

Cited by 53 publications

References 57 publications

Anatomical defences against bark beetles relate to degree of historical exposure between species and are allocated independently of chemical defences within trees

Anatomical defences against bark beetles relate to degree of historical exposure between species and are allocated independently of chemical defences within trees

Environmentally friendly methods for controlling pine pitch canker

The Natural Evolutionary Potential of Tree Populations to Cope with Newly Introduced Pests and Pathogens—Lessons Learned From Forest Health Catastrophes in Recent Decades

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