Intratracheal Inhalation vs Intratracheal Instillation: Differences in Particle Effects

Osier, Mark R

doi:10.1006/faat.1997.2390

Cited by 140 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, caution must be exercised in the interpretation of results because cluster analysis is highly empirical and may often have significant shortcomings (Everitt, 1993 ) . In our analysis, for example, all input concentration data were not weighted to consider differences in toxicological importance of different pollutants (Lison et al, 1997;Osier and Oberdorster, 1997;Oberdorster et al, 1994;Li et al, 1999 ). Furthermore, since the clusters are not known a priori, it is usually difficult to judge whether the results make sense in the context of the problem being studied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term ambient air pollution levels in four Chinese cities: inter-city and intra-city concentration gradients for epidemiological studies

Qian

Zhang

Wei

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The field data collection of an air pollution epidemiologic study was carried out from 1993 to 1996 in four Chinese cities of Lanzhou, Chongqing, Wuhan, and Guangzhou. In each city, an urban district and a suburban district were selected. Ambient concentrations of total suspended particles ( TSP ) , size -fractionated particulate matter including PM 2.5 , PM 2.5 -10 , and PM 10 , sulfur dioxide ( SO 2 ) , and oxides of nitrogen ( NO x ) were measured in these districts. The results indicate the presence of wide inter -city and intra -city gradients in long -term ambient levels of these measured pollutants. Across the eight districts, the 1993 -1996 4 -year means of TSP, SO 2 , and NO x ranged from 198 to 659 g / m 3 , from 14.6 to 331 g / m 3 , and from 31.5 to 239 g / m 3 , respectively, and the 1995 -1996 2 -year means of PM 2.5 , PM 2.5 -10 , and PM 10 ranged from 51.5 to 142 g / m 3 , from 29.2 to 107 g / m 3 , and from 80.7 to 232 g / m 3 , respectively. These pollution ranges substantially extended the upper end of the pollution ranges of previous air pollution epidemiologic studies conducted in North America and Europe. In each district, significant correlations among the measured pollutants were observed for daily concentrations. However, the gradient patterns in longterm means of different pollutants were different across the eight districts. ( e.g., PM 2.5 -10 and TSP were highest in the Lanzhou urban district, PM 2.5 and PM 10 were highest in the Guangzhou urban district, SO 2 was highest in the Chongqing urban district, and NO x was highest in the Guangzhou urban district ) . In general, seasonal variations were present in the ambient concentrations with high levels often occurring in winter months. The eight districts may be classified into four district clusters based on integrated levels of all measured pollutants. These features of the ambient air pollution have important implications for epidemiological studies and may provide unique opportunities to study exposure -effects relationships in the four Chinese cities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term ambient air pollution levels in four Chinese cities: inter-city and intra-city concentration gradients for epidemiological studies

Qian

Zhang

Wei

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Different pulmonary administration routes (i.t and i.n. versus aerosol exposure) can vary the course or kinetics of the host response, subsequently altering disease pathogenesis (31,32,42). As pulmonary anthrax after exposure to spore aerosols is the most likely route of infection to be used in any future biowarfare or bioterrorist attack, the aerosol delivery system is preferred for modeling inhalational anthrax and studying host pathogen interactions.…”

Section: Vol 75 2007mentioning

confidence: 99%

Murine Aerosol Challenge Model of Anthrax

et al. 2007

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The availability of relevant and useful animal models is critical for progress in the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics. The infection of rabbits and non-human primates with fully virulent Bacillus anthracis spores provides two excellent models of anthrax disease. However, the high cost of procuring and housing these animals and the specialized facilities required to deliver fully virulent spores limit their practical use in early stages of product development. Conversely, the small size and low cost associated with using mice makes this animal model more practical for conducting experiments in which large numbers of animals are required. In addition, the availability of knockout strains and well-characterized immunological reagents makes it possible to perform studies in mice that cannot be performed easily in other species. Although we, along with others, have used the mouse aerosol challenge model to examine the outcome of B. anthracis infection, a detailed characterization of the disease is lacking. The current study utilizes a murine aerosol challenge model to investigate disease progression, innate cytokine responses, and histological changes during the course of anthrax after challenge with aerosolized spores. Our results show that anthrax disease progression in a complement-deficient mouse after challenge with aerosolized Sterne spores is similar to that described for other species, including rabbits and non-human primates, challenged with fully virulent B. anthracis. Thus, the murine aerosol challenge model is both useful and relevant and provides a means to further investigate the host response and mechanisms of B. anthracis pathogenesis.

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“…Combustion-derived ultrafine particles, such as diesel soot, are the most numerous particles, by number, in urban PM 10 . Carbon particle aggregates containing substances like Fe, other transition metals, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, have been associated with the inflammatory reaction caused by particles (Gilmour et al, 1996;Johnston et al, 1996;Osier and Oberdorster, 1997;Vedal, 1997;Venkataraman and Raymond, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep Investigation of Ultrafine Particles in Urban Air

Avino

Casciardi

Fanizza

et al. 2011

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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This work describes the results of a study which started in 2007 to investigate the ultrafine particle (UFP) pollution in the urban area of Rome. The sampling site was located in a street with high density of autovehicular traffic, where measurements have shown that carbonaceous particulate matter represented an important fraction of aerosol pollution. UFPs have been classified by means of an electrostatic classifier. Monodisperse aerosol was either counted by ultrafine water-based condensation particle counter or sampled by means of a nanometer aerosol sampler. Samples collected were investigated using energy filtered transmission electron microscope in combination with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Electron transmission microscope observations revealed that carbonaceous UFPs were present also as nanotube related forms.The rapid evolution of aerosol from autovehicular exhaust plumes was observed by highly time-resolved aerosol size distribution measurements.

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Intratracheal Inhalation vs Intratracheal Instillation: Differences in Particle Effects

Cited by 140 publications

References 23 publications

Long-term ambient air pollution levels in four Chinese cities: inter-city and intra-city concentration gradients for epidemiological studies

Long-term ambient air pollution levels in four Chinese cities: inter-city and intra-city concentration gradients for epidemiological studies

Murine Aerosol Challenge Model of Anthrax

Deep Investigation of Ultrafine Particles in Urban Air

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