Intravenous Immunoglobulins in Refractory Childhood‐Onset Epilepsy: Effects on Seizure Frequency, EEG Activity, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Profile

Billiau, An; Witters, Peter; Ceulemans, Berten; Kasran, Ahmad; Wouters, Carine; Lagae, Lieven

doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01134.x

Cited by 97 publications

(41 citation statements)

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“…P-glycoprotein plays a crucial role in the phenomenon of multidrug resistance; therefore changes in its activity affect the resistance to antiepileptic drugs [38]. More evidence confirming the relation between drug resistance and inflammatory factor is the reaction of drug-resistant epileptic syndromes to treatment with ACTH, glycocorticosteroids, and large doses of intravenously administered immunoglobulins [39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of clinical risk factors for drug-resistant epilepsy in children and teenagers

Kasprzyk¹,

Brola²,

Wendorff³

2014

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Introduction: Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological illnesses occurring in children. In approximately 20-30% of cases it is drug-resistant. Aim of the research: To assess the already-known risk factors, analyse the rarely described ones, and find new causes of epilepsy drug resistance in children, taking into account the level of impact of each factor. Material and methods:The study comprised 152 of all 383 children hospitalised in 2012 at the Neurology Department of the Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital in Lodz due to epilepsy. Based on medical documentation, neurological examination, and our own questionnaire, we divided patients into two groups: drug-resistant epilepsy or drug-sensitive epilepsy. We compared the type, level of influence, and prevalence of different factors. For statistical analysis, the χ 2 test was used. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Drug-resistant epilepsy was found in 64 patients (42.1%), and drug-sensitive epilepsy was found in 88 patients (57.9%). Factors that were most probable to cause drug resistance included: high prevalence of seizures (Cramer's V = 0.66), type of epileptic syndrome (V = 0.62), psychomotor developmental delay (V = 0.62), and occurrence of status epilepticus (V = 0.6). Factors such as infections of CNS in early childhood, repeated severe infections of airways in childhood, and mother's infectious diseases with high fever during pregnancy were rare or non occurring (Cramer's V = 0.41, 0.32, and 0.31, respectively). Conclusions: The study confirmed the previously known causes of drug resistance and indicated the significance of underestimated inflammatory and infectious factors involving pyrexia, in children and also in mothers during pregnancy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of clinical risk factors for drug-resistant epilepsy in children and teenagers

Kasprzyk¹,

Brola²,

Wendorff³

2014

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“…In addition, children with RE and LKS also gained beneficial results and improvements with IVIG treatment [139]. Billiau A.D. et al conducted a study and found that 31% of the studied population demonstrated a beneficial improvement with ≥ 50% reduction of seizure frequency and 23% had a 20-50% seizure reduction [140]. …”

Section: Immunity and Anti-inflammatory Therapies In Epilepsymentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of Immunity and the Inflammatory Response: A New Target for Treating Drug-resistant Epilepsy

Líu²,

Qin³

2013

Current Neuropharmacology

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Until recently, epilepsy medical therapy is usually limited to anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). However, approximately 1/3 of epilepsy patients, described as drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) patients, still suffer from continuous frequent seizures despite receiving adequate AEDs treatment of sufficient duration. More recently, with the remarkable progress of immunology, immunity and inflammation are considered to be key elements of the pathobiology of epilepsy. Activation of inflammatory processes in brain tissue has been observed in both experimental seizure animal models and epilepsy patients. Anti-inflammatory and immunotherapies also showed significant anticonvulsant properties both in clinical and in experimental settings. The above emerging evidence indicates that modulation of immunity and inflammatory processes could serve as novel specific targets to achieve potential anticonvulsant effects for the patients with epilepsy, especially DRE. Herein we review the recent evidence supporting the role of inflammation in the development and perpetuation of seizures, and also discuss the recent achievements in modulation of inflammation and immunotherapy applied to the treatment of epilepsy. Apart from medical therapy, we also discuss the influences of surgery, ketogenic diet, and electroconvulsive therapy on immunity and inflammation in DRE patients. Taken together, a promising perspective is suggested for future immunomodulatory therapies in the treatment of patients with DRE.

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“…Some consider for example that changes of neural EEG frequency is a side-effect of pathological onset whilst others e.g. biofeedback researchers, recognise that applied EEG frequencies have the potential to alter biological processes and/ or pathways [1,2]. Accordingly, there is a need for a more coherent hypothesis -to describe what the brain does and how it does it -which embraces the various observations, phenomena, etc.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intention of the study: Number of patients: 34 (17 male and 17 female within 17-60 yrs) 1. To investigate blood content and immune status using contemporary diagnostic tests.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

What is the function of the Brain? What does it do and how does it do it? It functions as a Neuroregulator, which continuously regulates the Autonomic Nervous System and Physiological Systems, and enables us to Recognise that Sleep Exhibits the Characteristics of a Neurally Regulated Physiological System

2016

J Neurol Psychol

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The aim of this article is to provoke further discussion of the mechanisms which the brain uses to regulate the body's function, in particular the autonomic nervous system. It focuses upon an understanding of the structural relationship between the brain, organ networks (more commonly referred to as physiological systems), organs and cellular and molecular biology, brain and illustrates (i) that sleep exhibits the characteristics of a physiological system; (ii) that the brain uses colour and frequency to regulate the body's complex function; but also (iii) that brain function, including the processes involved in the fixation of memories, is influenced by the level of pathological onset arising from past experiences and/or stress.Such understanding, incorporated into a mathematical model of the autonomic nervous system (developed by I.G. Grakov), has led to the development of Strannik software: Strannik Virtual Scanning & Strannik Light Therapy, and enables us to demonstrate that 'optimisation of sleep'is the purpose of a physiologically significant system or network of organs, which is regulated by the brain; that sleep performs a physiologically significant biological function, in particular that during sleep the brain produces hormones which are essential re the processes of recovery, regeneration and regulation; and that emergent pathologies in the various organs in this system, often due to the effect of the many and various stressors in our hyper indulgent and/ or sedentary lives, influences quality and quantity of sleep.Reported Case Studies illustrate the effectiveness of Strannik Virtual Scanning and Strannik Light Therapy to determine and treat the fundamental pathological origins and/or processes which contribute to, and/or are responsible for, sleep dysfunction.In conclusion, the article illustrates what the brain does -it is a neural regulator of the autonomic nervous system and physiological 17 September, 2016 Accepted: 17 October, 2016 Published: 22 October, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Ewing G. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Graham Case Report Open Access Journal of Neurology and Psychology IntroductionThe existence of the Human Brain Project illustrates a recognition, or an acceptance, by the medico-scientific research communities that the brain receives and processes sensory input which influences the stable function of the autonomic nervous system and associated structures; that cognitive properties are influenced by pathological onset; and also that the brain functions at different levels of physiological significance [Note 1 and 2]. The issue therefore is no longer whether such mechanism(s) exist but instead what are the precise mechanisms involved and how can they be adapted with diagnostic and therapeutic effect, however there is an inconsistency by medical research to such phenomena. On the one han...

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Intravenous Immunoglobulins in Refractory Childhood‐Onset Epilepsy: Effects on Seizure Frequency, EEG Activity, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Profile

Cited by 97 publications

References 53 publications

Assessment of clinical risk factors for drug-resistant epilepsy in children and teenagers

Assessment of clinical risk factors for drug-resistant epilepsy in children and teenagers

Modulation of Immunity and the Inflammatory Response: A New Target for Treating Drug-resistant Epilepsy

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