Intrinsic Ability of Adult Stem Cell in Skeletal Muscle: An Effective and Replenishable Resource to the Establishment of Pluripotent Stem Cells

Abstract

Adult stem cells play an essential role in mammalian organ maintenance and repair throughout adulthood since they ensure that organs retain their ability to regenerate. The choice of cell fate by adult stem cells for cellular proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation into multiple lineages is critically important for the homeostasis and biological function of individual organs. Responses of stem cells to stress, injury, or environmental change are precisely regulated by intercellular and intracellular signaling networks, and these molecular events cooperatively define the ability of stem cell throughout life. Skeletal muscle tissue represents an abundant, accessible, and replenishable source of adult stem cells. Skeletal muscle contains myogenic satellite cells and muscle-derived stem cells that retain multipotent differentiation abilities. These stem cell populations have the capacity for long-term proliferation and high self-renewal. The molecular mechanisms associated with deficits in skeletal muscle and stem cell function have been extensively studied. Muscle-derived stem cells are an obvious, readily available cell resource that offers promise for cell-based therapy and various applications in the field of tissue engineering. This review describes the strategies commonly used to identify and functionally characterize adult stem cells, focusing especially on satellite cells, and discusses their potential applications.

Muscle Satellite Cell Protein Teneurin-4 Regulates Differentiation During Muscle Regeneration

“…The Notch signaling participates in the satellite cell quiescence 26. Inhibition of the Notch signaling in satellite cells, as well as the deficiency of Ten‐4 as shown in this study, forces to exit the quiescent state 13, 14, 15.…”

Wnt Protein-mediated Satellite Cell Conversion in Adult and Aged Mice Following Voluntary Wheel Running

“…Wnt-mediated expression of myogenic genes in satellite cells caused their conversion from the quiescent state into the activated state in both adult and aged mice. Wnt signaling plays an important role in embryonic muscle development (7,34). The neural tube expresses Wnt1, which activates the Myf5 gene, whereas the dorsal ectoderm expresses Wnt7a, which promotes MyoD expression (46).…”

“…2F). These data suggested that the relatively high levels of up-regulation of the Voluntary Wheel Running Activated Canonical Wnt/␤-Catenin Signaling-To examine the molecular mechanisms underlying satellite cell activation after running, we focused on the Notch and Wnt signaling pathways, which regulate satellite cell self-renewal and myogenesis at the developmental embryonic stage (34). The expression of Delta ligand 4 (DLL4) and HeyL, which are the ligand and target gene, respectively, in Notch signaling, tended to decrease slightly after exercise in both the adult and aged groups (Fig.…”

Critical role of Frizzled1 in age‐related alterations of Wnt/β‐catenin signal in myogenic cells during differentiation

“…; Fujimaki et al . ). It has been envisaged that age‐related activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signal during myogenic differentiation results in delayed or suppressed myogenic differentiation and thereby impairing the function of the skeletal muscles (Brack et al .…”