Intrinsic flame resistance of polyurethane flexible foams: Unexpectedly low flammability without any flame retardant

Höhne, Carl‐Christoph; Hanich, Ronny; Kroke, Edwin

doi:10.1002/fam.2504

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The use of intrinsic polymer flame retardant properties is of particular importance in this context. As already shown for polyurethane flexible foams, 32 the composition of the polymer matrix influences the flammability of a foam significantly. However, the morphology of a product, especially of foams, is essential for the flammability and burning behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Intrinsic flame retardancy of poly(lactic acid) bead foams

Höhne

Schmidt

Berner

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Linear economy models are no longer acceptable for the plastic industry and a change to a sustainable circular plastic economy must take place. In the field of thermoplastic foams, the biopolymer poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a suitable alternative for fossil based foams like polystyrene. However, the production of PLA bead foams is still a challenge. In regards to circular plastic economy products, a reduction of the needed polymer additives is aspired to simplify the union of end-of-life plastic streams. Flame retardants (FR) are required in many applications and are often the largest proportion of additives. It turns out that the removal of FRs, for example the removal of the REACh registered FR hexabromocyclododecane for polystyrene foams, requires a great effort. This paper shows that PLA bead foams require no FR to achieve a class E classification for construction products. Therefore, nine PLA types are analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, gel permeation chromatography, and rheotens measurements. From five types, PLA bead foams could be produced with two different densities. In addition, PLA bead foams containing 1.5 wt% alkoxy amine FR were produced. The flammability of the PLA bead foams was investigated by LOI, DIN-4102-1-B2, and cone calorimeter tests.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Intrinsic flame retardancy of poly(lactic acid) bead foams

Höhne

Schmidt

Berner

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Effective char formation and decreasing peak heat release rate, total heat release, and maximum average rate of heat emission were also observed. Interestingly, study reports the intrinsically flame resistance flexible PU foams, prepared using the combinations of TDI and MDI with polyether- and polyester-based polyols, where the chemical nature of the polyol tuned the FR behavior of PU foams …”

Section: Flame Retardants For Polyurethane Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review

Yadav

Souza

Dawsey

et al. 2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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In modern society, the multifarious polymeric material polyurethane (PU) is used in household appliances and commercial sectors. Statistics shows the usage of PU as rigid and flexible foams is the highest among different PU-based materials. Industrially viable synthesis, tailor-made porosity and pore morphology, robustness to micro-organisms, weathering, hydrolytic degradation, and resistance to a wide range of chemicals are the excellent attributes of PU foams. Despite achieving significant attention in academia and industries, the prominent tendency to fire-catching or flammability and rapid-fire spread on ignition are the serious concerns of PU foams at their end-use. The figures on home fire accidents and associated fire injuries, loss of civilians, and properties primarily due to fire-catching of furniture are highly devastating. Therefore, a large volume of efforts has been dedicated to decorating flame retardancy in PU foams using a wide range of flame retardants (FRs) (in-situ or post-synthesis). Hence, the focus of this review is to summarize various FRs for rigid and flexible PU foams. The mechanism of flame retardancy, advantages and limitations of various FRs, and the past decade’s advancements achieved concerning the flame retardancy of PU foams have been explored.

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“…12 This potential fire hazard is particularly serious for its application in confined space, involving automotive, rail transportation, aerospace and other high-end manufacturing. 13,14 Excellent flame-retardant performance has become one of the most concerned requirements in most industrial applications of FPUF. [15][16][17] To achieve this, research on thermal decomposition and carbonization behaviors of FPUF and incorporated flame retardants is particularly important, especially for high-performance flame-retardant mechanism exploration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbonization‐dominated synergistic behaviors of ammonium hypophosphite/EG composite in improving flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foam

Qiu

Qian

et al. 2022

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Developing flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) with good anti‐ignition and self‐extinguishing performance is the fundamental way to prevent fire hazards in application. A binary composite system containing ammonium hypophosphite (NHP) and expandable graphite (EG) was applied to prepare flame‐retardant FPUF. The co‐action of NHP and EG exhibited high‐efficiency synergistic effect in improving the anti‐ignition, self‐extinguishing, and carbonization performance of FPUF. The analysis of micromorphology, element retention and chemical structure character on charring residue, reveals the physical–chemical synergistic carbonization mechanism of NHP/EG composite. The real‐time tracing on thermal‐decomposition volatiles, discloses the behaviors of NHP/EG composite in suppressing volatile fuel supply and toxic fume production. With an addition of 11 wt.% NHP and 7 wt.% EG, 11NHP/7EG achieved a limited oxygen index value of 30.3%, passed horizontal burning class HF‐1, and retained 55.6 wt.% charring residue. The peak of heat release rate and total heat release of 11NHP/7EG were both reduced by more than 50%, compared with that of pristine FPUF. The synergistic flame‐retardant mechanism of NHP/EG composite provides a valuable reference for high‐performance flame‐retardant FPUF manufacturing.

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Intrinsic flame resistance of polyurethane flexible foams: Unexpectedly low flammability without any flame retardant

Cited by 17 publications

References 31 publications

Intrinsic flame retardancy of poly(lactic acid) bead foams

Intrinsic flame retardancy of poly(lactic acid) bead foams

Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review

Carbonization‐dominated synergistic behaviors of ammonium hypophosphite/EG composite in improving flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foam

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