“…In recent years, driven by the advancement of bigdata-based architectures (Khan et al, 2022a), deep learning (DL) techniques (LeCun et al, 2015) have shown great promises in computer vision (Voulodimos et al, 2018;Roy and Bhaduri, 2021;Roy et al, 2022c;Roy and Bhaduri, 2022;Roy et al, 2022a), object detection (Zhao et al, 2019;Chandio et al, 2022;Roy et al, 2022b;Singh et al, 2023a), image classification (Rawat and Wang, 2017;Irfan et al, 2021;Jamil et al, 2022;Khan et al, 2022b), damage detection (Guo et al, 2022;Glowacz, 2022Glowacz, , 2021 brain-computer interfaces (Roy, 2022b,a,c;Singh et al, 2023b) and across various scientific applications (Butler et al, 2018;Ching et al, 2018;Bose and Roy, 2022).…”