Introduction

Fahim, Mohamed A.; Al-Sahhaf, Taher A.; Elkilani, Amal

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52785-1.00001-2

Cited by 60 publications

(72 citation statements)

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“…The association of heavy fuel oil (green) with lighter aromatic hydrocarbons might not be intuitive but can be elucidated by its production. After the crude oil has been distilled under vacuum, the residue is redissolved in middle distillates, such as diesel . The kinematic viscosity in this blend fuel must not exceed 180 mm 2 s –1 , which is necessary for its use as marine fuel.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, three diesel samples with different amounts of biodiesel (0, 7, and 30% of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)) and a light diesel were analyzed by the same procedure (Figure ). It was assumed that diesel, which refers to a distillation cut of the crude oil, contains only minor amounts of those large PAH structures due to the boiling point range of its components from approximately 200 to 350 °C and carbon numbers from 11 to 20 . All spectra from DI-REMPI analysis contain a homologue series of 1- to 5-ring (poly)aromatic hydrocarbons, while the spectrum of the light Haltermann diesel sample is clearly shifted toward lower m / z with a base peak at m / z 128, which belongs to naphthalene.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct Infusion Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Liquid Samples under Vacuum Conditions

et al. 2017

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Direct infusion resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (DI-REMPI) was performed on liquid samples, which were introduced to the ion source via a direct liquid interface, to enable the investigation of dissolved aromatic compounds. Desolvation and nebulization of the samples were supported by a heated repeller using flow rates in the upper nL min range. The obtained mass spectra of five pure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as well as complex petroleum samples revealed predominantly molecular ions without evidence of solvent or dopant effects as observed in atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) and laser ionization (APLI) with limits of detection in the lower pmol range. Furthermore, it is demonstrated by the analysis of different complex oil samples that DI-REMPI covers a larger m/z range than external volatilization of the sample prior to introduction to the ion source by using thermogravimetry (TG) hyphenated to REMPI time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). Analogous to reported setups with direct liquid interface and electron ionization, direct-REMPI may be an option for soft ionization in liquid chromatography.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Infusion Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Liquid Samples under Vacuum Conditions

et al. 2017

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“…X A = g +h R i + I VGC X P , X N , and X A calculated from the above relations may represent volume, mole, or weight fractions and a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, and i are the constants varying with molecular weight range as given in Table 2 [17]. The information available for three types of lubricant oils with experimental values are used as input parameters to predict PNA composition for each other as shown in discussion.…”

Section: -Pna Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation Properties and PNA Analysis for Different Types of Lubricants Oils

Bded¹,

khlaif²

2019

IJCPE

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A study of characteristics of the lubricant oils and the physical properties is essential to know the quality of lubricant oils. The parameters that lead to classify oils have been studied in this research. Three types of multi-grades lubricant oils were applied under changing temperatures from 25 oC to 78oC to estimate the physical properties and mixture compositions. Kinematic viscosity, viscosity gravity constant and paraffin (P), naphthenes (N) and aromatics (A) (PNA) analysis are used to predict the composition of lubricants oil. Kinematic viscosity gives good behaviors and the oxidation stability for each lubricant oils. PNA analysis predicted fractions of paraffin (XP), naphthenes (XN), and aromatics (XA) for each one give us a good value for sample 3 (15W40) leads to suitable classification for this type multi-grade oils by kinematic viscosity

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“…They may have the correct boiling-point range for use as gasoline or diesel but their fuel properties are poor; therefore, further processing is required. Detailed descriptions of these fractions and processes can be found in most refining textbooks, 35–37 but a brief overview is provided here.…”

Section: Production Chemistry: Straight-run Products and Quality Procmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are three common types of refinery conversion unit: fluidised catalytic cracking (FCC), hydrocracking (HCK) and coking . 35–37 Their operation is facilitated by vacuum distilling the atmospheric residue into two fractions: vacuum gas oil abbreviated to VGO (typical boiling-point range, 350–570 °C) and vacuum residue (typical boiling-point range, greater than 570 °C). Figure 3 is a simplified flow scheme showing how the refinery processes are linked, but it is important to recognise that few refineries conform exactly to this diagram.…”

Section: Production Chemistry: Conversion Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation of oil refineries to make modern fuels

Gudde¹

2017

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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The drive to improve efficiency and to reduce emissions (including greenhouse gases) from internal-combustion engines has significant ramifications for fuel properties. Deployment of improved engines is aided by the wide availability of well-defined fuels, sometimes with more stringent specification of properties such as the sulphur content and the vaporisation and combustion characteristics (e.g. the octane rating). Fuel regulation has also led to the inclusion of low-carbon fuel components such as ethanol and biodiesel in mainstream road fuels. These trends will probably continue over the next few decades, and so it is important to understand their implications for commercial-scale fuel production and distribution. This paper provides a technical explanation of the linkages between the properties of commercial-scale fuels, the technologies used to make them and the ‘landscape’ of the fuels industry (e.g. the distribution systems and the interlinked markets for non-fuel products and energy). Industrially relevant examples are used to explain how the refining industry has adapted, and is still adapting, to the changes in the sulphur and volatility specifications, the mandated biocontent and the changes in engine technology. This paper is not intended to make a case for any specific type of fuel but does aim to explain the principles by which refined fuels can be adapted to meet future specifications or to work in conjunction with alternative fuel components. It covers current issues such as the lower sulphur content, the increased biocontent and the emerging theme of higher-octane-number gasoline as a route to a higher engine efficiency.

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Introduction

Cited by 60 publications

References 0 publications

Direct Infusion Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Liquid Samples under Vacuum Conditions

Direct Infusion Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Liquid Samples under Vacuum Conditions

Evaluation Properties and PNA Analysis for Different Types of Lubricants Oils

Adaptation of oil refineries to make modern fuels

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