“…There have been instances of pervasive and widespread political corruption, especially vote buying and electoral frauds across countries of Africa, including Kenya, Uganda, Benin, Madagascar, Nigeria, Mali, Senegal, Tanzania and South Africa (Jensen & Justesen, 2014;Vicente, 2014). Several works have also provided clear evidence of the pervasive influence of vote buying in elections in Latin America and Asia (Burhanuddin Muhtadi, 2019;Canare et al, 2018;Gonzalez-Ocantos et al, 2020;Jensen & Justesen, 2014).…”