Introduction

Bailey, Stephen; Schell, Lawrence M.

doi:10.1002/ajhb.20704

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 12 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A recent symposium 160 addressed the contrasting perspectives of auxology and biomedicine—“poor growth is poor health”—and evolutionary biology and anthropology—“poor growth is adaptive”. The evidence for the biomedical stance is overwhelming and recognised by the symposium participants, but the two approaches are not incompatible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryIn this paper we review the associations between maternal and child undernutrition with human capital and risk of adult diseases in low-income and middle-income countries. We analysed data from five long-standing prospective cohort studies from Brazil, Guatemala, India, the Philippines, and South Africa and noted that indices of maternal and child undernutrition (maternal height, birthweight, intrauterine growth restriction, and weight, height, and body-mass index at 2 years according to the new WHO growth standards) were related to adult outcomes (height, schooling, income or assets, offspring birthweight, body-mass index, glucose concentrations, blood pressure). We undertook systematic reviews of studies from low-income and middle-income countries for these outcomes and for indicators related to blood lipids, cardiovascular disease, lung and immune function, cancers, osteoporosis, and mental illness. Undernutrition was strongly associated, both in the review of published work and in new analyses, with shorter adult height, less schooling, reduced economic productivity, and—for women—lower offspring birthweight. Associations with adult disease indicators were not so clear-cut. Increased size at birth and in childhood were positively associated with adult body-mass index and to a lesser extent with blood pressure values, but not with blood glucose concentrations. In our new analyses and in published work, lower birthweight and undernutrition in childhood were risk factors for high glucose concentrations, blood pressure, and harmful lipid profiles once adult body-mass index and height were adjusted for, suggesting that rapid postnatal weight gain—especially after infancy—is linked to these conditions. The review of published works indicates that there is insufficient information about long-term changes in immune function, blood lipids, or osteoporosis indicators. Birthweight is positively associated with lung function and with the incidence of some cancers, and undernutrition could be associated with mental illness. We noted that height-for-age at 2 years was the best predictor of human capital and that undernutrition is associated with lower human capital. We conclude that damage suffered in early life leads to permanent impairment, and might also affect future generations. Its prevention will probably bring about important health, educational, and economic benefits. Chronic diseases are especially common in undernourished children who experience rapid weight gain after infancy.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…To test for rationality in the basal reflections, basal d spacings were selected from a glycolated, nontronite‐celadonite XRD pattern (2695‐4f). These d spacings were used to calculate the coefficient of variability (CV) (Table 3) [ Bailey , 1988]. The calculated CV values are greater than 0.75%, and therefore fall into the irrational category [ Bailey , 1982] characteristic of an irregularly interstratified mixed‐layer phase.…”

Section: Results Of Mineral Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal mineral deposits and fossil biota from a young (0.1 Ma) abyssal hill on the flank of the fast spreading East Pacific Rise: Evidence for pulsed hydrothermal flow and tectonic tapping of axial heat and fluids

Benjamin

Haymon

2006

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

[1] Heat flow data indicate that most hydrothermal heat loss from ocean lithosphere occurs on the flanks of the mid-ocean ridge, but few ridge flank hydrothermal sites are known. We describe the first nonseamount, abyssal hill hydrothermal mineral deposits to be recovered from the fast spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR) flanks. Deposits were sampled at two sites on an abyssal hill $5 km east of the EPR axis, just north of Clipperton Fracture Zone at 10°20 0 N, on $0.1 Ma lithosphere. ''Tevnia Site'' is on the axis-facing fault scarp of the hill, and ''Ochre Site'' is located $950 m farther east near the base of the outward-facing slope. Clusters of fragile, biodegradable Tevnia worm tubes at both sites indicate that hydrothermal fluids carried sufficient H 2 S to sustain Tevnia worms, and that fluid flow waned too recently to allow time for tube destruction. Presence of microbial mats and other biota also are consistent with recent waning of flow. The deposits are mineralogically zoned, from nontronite-celadonite to hydrous Fe-oxide+opaline silica to Mn-oxide (birnessite and todorokite). This places them into a distinctive class of Fe-Si-Mn hydrothermal deposits found along tectonic cracks and faults in young oceanic crust, and suggests that (1) deposits precipitated along an O 2 gradient between ambient seawater and hydrothermal fluid; (2) fluid temperatures were <150°C; and (3) undiluted fluids were Mg-depleted, and Fe-, K-, Si-and Mn-enriched. These fluids may derive from high temperature seawater-basalt interaction ± phase separation proximal to the axial melt zone, and lose Cu and Zn before venting due to conductive cooling and/or pH increase. Ochre Site samples are purely hydrothermal; however, Tevnia Site samples incorporate volcanic, sedimentary, and fossil components, and exhibit at least three generations of fracturing and hydrothermal cementation. The Tevnia Site breccias accumulated on the exposed fault scarp, possibly during multiple slip events and hydrothermal pulses as the abyssal hill was uplifted. We hypothesize that frequent earthquakes rejuvenate young abyssal hill hydrothermal systems episodically over 10 4 -10 5 years, tapping axial heat and hydrothermal fluids, sustaining biota, and likely helping to chill the margins of the axial melt zone.

show abstract