Introduction and dispersal of Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae), an exotic parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae), in Africa

Exploration for natural enemies of the cassava mealybug,Phenacoccus manihoti(Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in South America for the biological control of this introduced pest in Africa

“…, ., } , ,, , . f. , X r ° most of the cassava belt of Africa, leading to an estimated annual loss of about 2.0 billion $ US in roots Correspondence: Dr B. Lohr, National Coconut Development alone (Herren, 1982). Other losses such as the reduced Programme, P.O.…”

Essais de lutte biologique contre la Cochenille du manioc au Gabon: I. — Établissement, dispersion du parasite exotiqueEpidinocarsis lopezi [Hym.: Encyrtidae] et déplacement compétitif des parasites indigènes

“…Des observations concordantes ont 6t6 faites au Nigeria par Herren et al (1987). D'apr6s ces auteurs, ~ the speed of dispersal of E. lopezi in several countries (is) 50 to > 100 km in one dry season (5-8 months))).…”

“…D'apr6s Herren et al (1987), ce parasite a pu &re 6tabli,sur une superficie de 650 000 km 2 r6partie entre ! Afrique de 10uest et 1 Afrique de lEst, en l'espace de 3 ans (1982)(1983)(1984)(1985).…”

Ecological Interactions Within the Biodiversity of Cultivated Systems

“…This constitutes the basic approach of conventional biocontrol. A well-known example is the introduction of the parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi into Africa by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) to fight the cassava mealy bug Phenacoccus manihoti which was introduced to the continent from South America (Herren et al 1987). The island of Reunion offers another biocontrol example: for combating white grubs in sugarcane (Hoplochelus marginalis), originally introduced from Madagascar, the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria brongniartiialso from Madagascar-was brought in to fight the grub in the island (Vercambre et al 2008) (Box 3).…”