Introduction--the methyl parathion story: a chronicle of misuse and preventable human exposure.

Rubin, Carol; Esteban, Emilio; Hill, Robert H.; Pearce, Ken

doi:10.1289/ehp.02110s61037

Cited by 28 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…There are several incidents of illegal domestic spraying of pesticides, which are licensed only for outdoor use. One such episode was a tragic event of illegal domestic spraying of MP−a so called 'methyl parathion story'− that happened in at least nine states, including Mississippi and Ohio, in the United States in the 1990s (Rubin et al, 2002;Zeitz et al, 2002;Ruckart et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Organophosphate Insecticide Methyl Parathion (O- O- Dimethyl O-4-Nitrophenyl Phosphorothioate) Induces Cytotoxic Damage and Tubular Atrophy in the Testis Despite Elevated Testosterone Level in the Rat

Narayana

Prashanthi²,

Arunkumar³

et al. 2006

J. Toxicol. Sci.

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-Methyl parathion (MP) is an organophosphate pesticide used in agriculture, although quite often illegally used indoors to contain insects. The present study was planned to investigate the effects of MP on rat testis. Adult male Wistar rats (13-14 weeks) were treated with MP as follows. Experiment 1-0, 1.75, 3.5 or 7 mg/kg i.p. for 5 days and sacrificed on Day 14; experiment 2 and 3-0, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg i.p. for 12 days, and sacrificed on Days 130 and 77, respectively; experiment 4-0, 0.75, or 1.5 mg/kg i.p. for 25 days, and sacrificed on Day 17; experiment 5-0 or 3.5 mg/kg po for 25 days, and sacrificed on Day 17, after the last exposure. MP decreased the body weight and the testis weight in experiments 4 and 5 (p<0.05-0.001) due to decreased food intake and tubular atrophy respectively. MP increased the intra-testicular testosterone level and decreased the LH level in experiments 4 and 5. The seminiferous epithelium showed sloughing of germ cells, vacuoles, focal necrosis, and formation of multinucleated giant cells, cellular degeneration (nuclear pyknosis, halo appearance and shrinkage of nuclei) and tubular atrophy, especially in experiment 4. The degree of testicular damage was higher in experiment 4>5>1>3>2 indicating more effect of prolonged i.p. treatment. Homogenization-resistant spermatid count was decreased in experiments 1, 4 and 5, and MP also decreased the tubular diameter, and epithelial height (p<0.05-0.001). Incidences of stage XIV tubules, number of meiotic figures and elongating spermatids were also decreased, whereas the incidence of tubules showing epithelial sloughing increased (p<0.05-0.001). We conclude that MP is a reproductive toxicant in male rats which causes significant testicular damage in the testis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Organophosphate Insecticide Methyl Parathion (O- O- Dimethyl O-4-Nitrophenyl Phosphorothioate) Induces Cytotoxic Damage and Tubular Atrophy in the Testis Despite Elevated Testosterone Level in the Rat

Narayana

Prashanthi²,

Arunkumar³

et al. 2006

J. Toxicol. Sci.

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“…In the fall of 1994, officials in Ohio discovered that methyl parathion (MP) had been used for domestic pest control, primarily in inner-city homes (1)(2)(3). Further investigations uncovered that an unlicensed operator had illegally applied MP in hundreds of homes for cockroach control.…”

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confidence: 99%

Measurement of p-nitrophenol in the urine of residents whose homes were contaminated with methyl parathion.

Barr

Turner

DiPietro

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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We thank all the state and local health officials involved with sample collections and shipments. Throughout the period of laboratory-based measurements, many people provided invaluable assistance in biomonitoring that contributed to the rapid turnaround of data. We thank D. Methyl ParathionDuring the last several years, illegal commercial application of methyl parathion (MP) in domestic settings in several U.S. Southeastern and Midwestern States has affected largely innercity residents. As part of a multiagency response involving the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), and state and local health departments, our laboratory developed a rapid, high-throughput, selective method for quantifying p-nitrophenol (PNP), a biomarker of MP exposure, using isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We measured PNP in approximately 16,000 samples collected from residents of seven different states. Using this method, we were able to receive sample batches from each state; prepare, analyze, and quantify the samples for PNP; verify the results; and report the data to the health departments and ATSDR in about 48 hr. These data indicate that many residents had urinary PNP concentrations well in excess of those of the general U.S. population. In fact, their urinary PNP concentrations were more consistent with those seen in occupational settings or in poisoning cases. Although these data, when coupled with other MP metabolite data, suggest that many residents with the highest concentrations of urinary PNP had significant exposure to MP, they do not unequivocally rule out exposure to PNP resulting from environmental degradation of MP. Even with their limitations, these data were used with the assumption that all PNP was derived from MP exposure, which enabled the U.S. EPA and ATSDR to develop a comprehensive, biologically driven response that was protective of human health, especially susceptible populations, and included clinical evaluations, outreach activities, community education, integrated pest management, and decontamination of homes.

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“…The applicator did not maintain a record of client addresses, dates, volume, or strength of pesticide applied, or protocol for application. The extent of potential human exposure to this pesticide led the Ohio Department of Health to formally request technical assistance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1). In January 1995 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) declared methyl parathion-contaminated homes in Lorain County, Ohio, a Superfund cleanup site.…”

mentioning

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Assessment of human exposure and human health effects after indoor application of methyl parathion in Lorain County, Ohio, 1995-1996.

Rubin

Esteban

Kieszak

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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In January 1995 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency declared methyl parathion-contaminated homes in Lorain County, Ohio, as a Superfund cleanup site. During the 2-year cleanup, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in collaboration with county and city health officials conducted a study of exposure and health effects among residents. We administered 254 household and 747 individual questionnaires; urine analysis for p-nitrophenol (PNP, a metabolite of methyl parathion) was available for 626 participants. We also reviewed medical records of 49 people who were hospitalized or died after their homes were sprayed. People living in homes sprayed <180 days previously were most likely to have the highest PNP levels (22.9% > 100 ppb PNP), but even people living in homes sprayed more than a year previously appeared to be highly exposed (8.5% > 100 ppb PNP). The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey reference range is 0-63 ppb. Median detectable PNP levels among children younger than 3 years of age were 93.9 ppb compared with 41.6 ppb among people older than 3 years. Younger children appeared to be at greatest risk of exposure. In none of the medical records that we reviewed did a health care provider consider pesticide poisoning as a potential etiology. Key words: methyl parathion, organophosphate pesticide, p-nitrophenol. Environ Health Perspect 110(suppl 6)

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Introduction--the methyl parathion story: a chronicle of misuse and preventable human exposure.

Cited by 28 publications

References 12 publications

An Organophosphate Insecticide Methyl Parathion (O- O- Dimethyl O-4-Nitrophenyl Phosphorothioate) Induces Cytotoxic Damage and Tubular Atrophy in the Testis Despite Elevated Testosterone Level in the Rat

An Organophosphate Insecticide Methyl Parathion (O- O- Dimethyl O-4-Nitrophenyl Phosphorothioate) Induces Cytotoxic Damage and Tubular Atrophy in the Testis Despite Elevated Testosterone Level in the Rat

Measurement of p-nitrophenol in the urine of residents whose homes were contaminated with methyl parathion.

Assessment of human exposure and human health effects after indoor application of methyl parathion in Lorain County, Ohio, 1995-1996.

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