INTRODUCTION TO <i>AXENIC CULTURE OF INVERTEBRATE METAZOA: A GOAL</i>*

Dougherty, Ellsworth C.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb36891.x

Cited by 94 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The use of liquid culture techniques allows automation, an important factor for spaceflight and high throughput experimentation and analysis. Additionally, the chemically defined nature of CeMM is advantageous to the use of C. elegans as a biological environmental monitor (Custodia et al, 2001), in pharmaceutical discovery (Kaletta and Hengartner, 2006), and/or in toxicity testing (Dengg and van Meel, 2004) where secondary effects of E. coli metabolism can be a confounding variable (Dougherty, 1959). Past liquid culturing of C. elegans employing undefined axenic diets have…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the pioneering work of Dougherty (Dougherty, 1959), a chemically defined axenic medium, C. elegans maintenance medium (CeMM), has been established for liquid culturing of C. elegans (Lu and Goetsch, 1993;Szewczyk et al, 2003). The use of liquid culture techniques allows automation, an important factor for spaceflight and high throughput experimentation and analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Delayed development and lifespan extension as features of metabolic lifestyle alteration inC. elegansunder dietary restriction

Szewczyk

Udranszky

Kozak

et al. 2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

114

110

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SUMMARY Studies of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans have almost exclusively utilized growth on a bacterial diet. Such culturing presents a challenge to automation of experimentation and introduces bacterial metabolism as a secondary concern in drug and environmental toxicology studies. Axenic cultivation of C. elegans can avoid these problems, yet past work suggests that axenic growth is unhealthy for C. elegans. Here we employ a chemically defined liquid medium to culture C. elegans and find development slows, fecundity declines, lifespan increases, lipid and protein stores decrease, and gene expression changes relative to that on a bacterial diet. These changes do not appear to be random pathologies associated with malnutrition, as there are no developmental delays associated with starvation, such as L1 or dauer diapause. Additionally, development and reproductive period are fixed percentages of lifespan regardless of diet,suggesting that these alterations are adaptive. We propose that C. elegans can exist as a healthy animal with at least two distinct adult life histories. One life history maximizes the intrinsic rate of population increase, the other maximizes the efficiency of exploitation of the carrying capacity of the environment. Microarray analysis reveals increased transcript levels of daf-16 and downstream targets and past experiments demonstrate that DAF-16 (FOXO) acting on downstream targets can influence all of the phenotypes we see altered in maintenance medium. Thus, life history alteration in response to diet may be modulated by DAF-16. Our observations introduce a powerful system for automation of experimentation on healthy C. elegans and for systematic analysis of the profound impact of diet on animal physiology.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed development and lifespan extension as features of metabolic lifestyle alteration inC. elegansunder dietary restriction

Szewczyk

Udranszky

Kozak

et al. 2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

114

110

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“…However, the next important step in cost-effective rearing of predators includes the utilization of an artificial diet that eliminates the use of the prey. There are three classifications of artificial diets, based on the degree; holidic diets, in which all constituents are known in chemical (i.e., molecular) structure, meridic diets, in which most of the constituents are known chemically, and oligidic diets, in which few of the constituents are known chemically (Dougherty, 1959). Using of artificial diets for mass rearing of C. carnea is generally based on holidicand meridic method (Dougherty, 1959).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are three classifications of artificial diets, based on the degree; holidic diets, in which all constituents are known in chemical (i.e., molecular) structure, meridic diets, in which most of the constituents are known chemically, and oligidic diets, in which few of the constituents are known chemically (Dougherty, 1959). Using of artificial diets for mass rearing of C. carnea is generally based on holidicand meridic method (Dougherty, 1959). There are worldwide presented works on biological parameters of C. carnea which fed on factitious and artificial diets (Zaki, 1999;Singh and Varna, 1989;Tauber et al, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Study of Different Diets Efficiency on Some Biological Parameters of <I>Chrysoperla carnea</I> (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Jokar

Zarabi²

2014

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Green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) is a major, cosmopolitan predator of different pests. This study surveyed relative consumption of three diets: eggs of flour moth, Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller), artificial diet (consists of honey, yeast and water), and semi artificial diet (consists of honey, essential amino acid, Hen's yolk egg powder, extracting of flour moth's body, A, D, E and B vitamin groups, yeast and water), on developmental time (T), weight, longevity and mortality percentage of larvae and pupae and fecundity, fertility and sex ratio of female. All experiments were conducted at 25±5℃, 60± 5% RH, and photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D).Results showed significant differences (p<0.01) between diets in different parameters except for egg Incubation period and sex ratio. The lowest developmental time (T) 29.79±1.57 (day) was belonged to semi artificial diet. Larvae and pupae longevity were 12.29±0. 29, 8.08±0.39; 19.46±0.76, 3.77±0.74 and 10.07±0.3, 7.15±0.34 (days) in diets respectively. The lowest and highest mortality percentage of larvae and pupae on semi artificial and artificial diets were 4%, 0%, 42% and 38% respectively. The highest weights of larvae and pupae (3.68±0.25 and 9.46±0.16 mgr.) were observed on semi artificial diet. The fecundity and fertility rates were 410.25±9.33, 150±4.02 and 470.25±9.8; 370.98±6.7, 94.5±3 and 383.83±4.6 (egg/female) respectively. According to these results the semi artificial diet was the most accurate diet for mass rearing of predator.

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“…He introduced more specific terms that became neologisms in general usage, often drawing on earlier literature. For example, the term "axenic" was used by Baker and Ferguson (1942) and "gnotobiotic" was introduced by Reyniers et al (1949); Dougherty introduced xenic, monoxenic, dixenic, etc., as unambiguous descriptors of the numbers of organism types included in gnotobiotic culture, and oligidic, holidic, and meridic as descriptors of the level of knowledge of the precise chemical constitution of the media (Dougherty 1953a(Dougherty , 1959(Dougherty , 1960Corliss 1966).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ellsworth C. Dougherty: A Pioneer in the Selection ofCaenorhabditis elegansas a Model Organism

Ferris

Hieb²

2015

Genetics

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Ellsworth Dougherty was a man of impressive intellectual dimensions and interests; in a relatively short career he contributed enormously as researcher and scholar to the biological knowledge base for selection of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism in neurobiology, genetics, and molecular biology. He helped guide the choice of strains that were eventually used, and, in particular, he developed the methodology and understanding for the nutrition and axenic culture of nematodes and other organisms. Dougherty insisted upon a concise terminology for culture techniques and coined descriptive neologisms that were justified by their linguistic roots. Among other contributions, he refined the classification system for the Protista.

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INTRODUCTION TO *AXENIC CULTURE OF INVERTEBRATE METAZOA: A GOAL**

Cited by 94 publications

References 51 publications

Delayed development and lifespan extension as features of metabolic lifestyle alteration inC. elegansunder dietary restriction

Delayed development and lifespan extension as features of metabolic lifestyle alteration inC. elegansunder dietary restriction

Comparative Study of Different Diets Efficiency on Some Biological Parameters of <I>Chrysoperla carnea</I> (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Ellsworth C. Dougherty: A Pioneer in the Selection ofCaenorhabditis elegansas a Model Organism

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INTRODUCTION TO AXENIC CULTURE OF INVERTEBRATE METAZOA: A GOAL*

Cited by 94 publications

References 51 publications

Delayed development and lifespan extension as features of metabolic lifestyle alteration inC. elegansunder dietary restriction

Delayed development and lifespan extension as features of metabolic lifestyle alteration inC. elegansunder dietary restriction

Comparative Study of Different Diets Efficiency on Some Biological Parameters of <I>Chrysoperla carnea</I> (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Ellsworth C. Dougherty: A Pioneer in the Selection ofCaenorhabditis elegansas a Model Organism

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INTRODUCTION TO *AXENIC CULTURE OF INVERTEBRATE METAZOA: A GOAL**