Introduction to Membrane Technology

Singh, Rajindar

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63362-0.00001-x

Cited by 62 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In general, CA membranes exhibit good fouling tolerance owing to their relatively smooth surface morphology and neutral surface charge [33,207]. They are also low in cost and possess some resistance to chlorine [207,208]. However, the membranes have a tight operating pH range of 4-6 beyond which the membrane lifetime decreases owing to the hydrolysis of the acetate group [33].…”

Section: Integrally-skinned Asymmetric Membranesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reverse osmosis desalination: A state-of-the-art review

et al. 2019

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Water scarcity is a grand challenge that has always stimulated research interests in finding effective means for pure water production. In this context, reverse osmosis (RO) is considered the leading and the most optimized membrane-based desalination process that is currently dominating the desalination market. In this review, various aspects of RO desalination are reviewed. Theories and models related to concentration polarization and membrane transport, as well as merits and drawbacks of these models in predicting polarization effects, are discussed. An updated review of studies related to membrane modules (plate and frame, tubular, spiral wound, and hollow fiber) and membrane characterization are provided. The review also discusses membrane cleaning and different pre-treatment technologies in place for RO desalination, such as feed-water pre-treatment and biocides. RO pre-treatment technologies, which include conventional (e.g., coagulationflocculation, media filtration, disinfection, scale inhibition) and non-conventional (e.g., MF, UF, and NF) are reviewed and their relative attributes are compared. As per the available literature, UF, MF and coagulation-flocculation are considered the most widely used pre-treatment technologies. In addition, this review discusses membrane fouling, which represents a serious challenge in RO processes due to its significant contribution to energy requirements and process economy (e.g., flux decline, permeate quality, membrane lifespan, increased feed pressure, increased pre-treatment and membrane maintenance cost). Different membrane fouling types, such as colloidal, organic, inorganic, and biological fouling, are addressed in this review. Principles of RO process design and the embedded economic and energy considerations are discussed. In general, cost of water desalination has dropped to values that made it a viable option, comparable even to conventional water treatment methods. Finally, an overview of hybrid RO desalination processes and the current challenges faced by RO desalination processes are presented and discussed.

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Section: Integrally-skinned Asymmetric Membranesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reverse osmosis desalination: A state-of-the-art review

et al. 2019

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“…The membrane separation process is based on the physicochemical nature of the membrane material which acts as a semipermeable barrier between two homogeneous phases i.e. membrane separation is characterized by simultaneous retention of species and product flow through the membrane (Singh, 2015). The driving force of membrane separation is the difference in concentration, electrical potential or pressure between the feed and product side.…”

Section: General Principals Of Membrane Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The driving force of membrane separation is the difference in concentration, electrical potential or pressure between the feed and product side. The key factors of a membrane performance are the membrane selectivity and productivity, which have a trade-off relationship (Singh, 2015;Yoshikawa et al, 2016). Selectivity can be expressed as the ratio between permeability coefficients of two substances i.e.…”

Section: General Principals Of Membrane Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Selectivity can be expressed as the ratio between permeability coefficients of two substances i.e. a parameter called retention or separation factor, while productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux (Singh, 2015;Yoshikawa et al, 2016). For the pressure-driven separation processes flux can be expressed with Eq.…”

Section: General Principals Of Membrane Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the pressure-driven separation processes flux can be expressed with Eq. (1) (Singh, 2015) where, as can be seen, depends on transmembrane pressure (ΔP) and the membrane thickness (t).…”

Section: General Principals Of Membrane Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Application of membrane technology in the treatment and analysis of triazine pesticides in water

Branković

Bojić

Anđelković

et al. 2018

Facta Univ Phys Chem Technol

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The quality of consumable water is decreasing due to increasing water pollution caused by the production and use of human-made chemicals. A significant part of these chemicals are pesticides from the class of triazines since they are widely used in agriculture as herbicides. Water treatment techniques mainly rely on separation science, where the membrane technology has been identified as the most useful. Membrane processes used in water treatment are microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. In general, the pollutant retention/rejection by membranes depends on the physicochemical properties of the membrane i.e. membrane material, porosity, pore size and on the properties of the pollutant molecule i.e. size, length, width, molecular weight, hydrophobicity or dipole moment. The pollutant retention also depends on the feed-water composition (organic matter and salt presence, solute concentration, water pH). Thus, effective water treatment depends on the selection of an appropriate type of membrane for a particular type of pollutants. Membrane technology is also significant because it is used in polluted water analysis, more precise as a part of a liquid-phase or solid-phase microextraction. Among several developed membrane-based microextraction methods, in triazine polluted water analysis common are membrane-protected solid-phase microextraction and hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction. In this field, researchers tend to achieve membrane-pollutant compatibility through the synthesis of polymeric materials with molecular recognition properties i.e. through a technology called molecular imprinting.

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