Introduction to Methods of Modelling Information Wars as a 21st Century Threat

Management and Data Processing of Quantitative Terrorism Research in the European Union and the Czech Republic

“…Assessment whether an incident meets the terrorism criteria may be particularly difficult when it comes to extremism but a simple clash between the followers from the opposite sides of the value and opinion spectrum should not be considered an act of terrorism, unless it has a bigger political, economic, religious, or social objective and intends to address a larger audience (Zaeadzki, 2020).…”

Introduction to the Special Issue section: Challenges for the state and international security – the current state and prognosis for the future

“…Disinformation also plays an important role, the scale of which is difficult to determine but which can be effective in sowing unrest in a rapidly changing international environment. For disinformation to be effective, it must overcome three powerful obstacles: first, the fundamental uncertainty that international anarchy generates about any information broadcast by adversaries; second, the biases of foreign policy elites and ordinary citizens; and third, the countermeasures available even under conditions of political polarisation (Lanoszka, 2019;Piazza, 2021;Zawadzki et al, 2020).…”