Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis

Heumann, Christian; Schomaker, Michael; Shalabh,

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46162-5

Cited by 140 publications

(87 citation statements)

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“…In the general outlier detection analysis, all variables were checked for possible outliers. In accordance with standard statistical practice, values outside the interval "upper/lower quartile ± triple interquartile range" were identified as outliers 38 and then thoroughly inspected and excluded if necessary.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Left ventricular M‐mode prediction intervals in 7651 dogs: Population‐wide and selected breed‐specific values

Esser

Borkovec

Bauer

et al. 2020

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Echocardiography is a common method to measure heart size in dogs. The heart dimensions are influenced by body weight (BW) and potentially by breed. Objectives: To establish BW-dependent prediction intervals (PIs) of the left ventricular (LV) linear dimensions in a population of dogs of many breeds in multicenter environment, and to identify breeds deviating from these intervals. Dogs: Seven thousand six hundred and fifty-one dogs. Methods: Retrospectively, data from heart screens conducted between 2009 and 2016 were included. Cardiac dimensional PIs were generated using allometric scaling including all nonsighthound dogs and values were compared to previously published PIs. The values measured in dogs of respective breeds, including sighthounds, were then compared to the overall nonsighthound PIs to identify deviant breeds. The interobservervariability of the measurements was determined using the explained residual variance. Results: Prediction intervals for the nonsighthound dogs were in agreement with previously published cardiac PIs, although the upper limits of the generated PIs of our study were slightly below those currently applied (except the interventricular septum in systole and the left ventricular free wall in diastole below 10.0 kg and 15.0 kg, respectively). Values measured in the nonsighthound breed Newfoundland deviated for most dimensions. Most of the sighthound breeds analyzed had greater cardiac dimensions, with the exception of the Irish Wolfhound. Conclusion and Importance: Findings of our study reinforces the value of BWdependent PIs for cardiac dimensions in dogs and suggest that these PIs are valid for most nonsighthound breeds, but not the sighthound breeds.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Left ventricular M‐mode prediction intervals in 7651 dogs: Population‐wide and selected breed‐specific values

Esser

Borkovec

Bauer

et al. 2020

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Statistical analyses were conducted using GraphPad Prism 6.0 software ( http://www.prism-software.com ) and STATA version 13 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). Fisher's exact test compared proportions; the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare sample medians ( 26 ). Descriptive measures (mean, geometric means, standards deviation, frequencies, and percentages) were used to summarize data.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schistosomiasis Burden and Its Association With Lower Measles Vaccine Responses in School Children From Rural Cameroon

et al. 2018

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Background and Methods: Schistosomiasis is debilitating and reported to impair immune responsiveness of infected hosts. In Cameroon, mass drug administration (MDA) is used in schoolchildren to reduce transmission of S. haematobium and S. mansoni. The effects of MDA and the impact of schistosomiasis on the titers of antibodies in vaccinated children have been poorly studied. We therefore assessed the prevalence of schistosomiasis in schoolchildren, eight months after MDA, in two locations: Barombi Koto (BK), endemic for S. haematobium (N = 169) and Yoro (Y), endemic for S. mansoni (N = 356). Age, gender, residence time and frequency of contact with river water were assessed as risk factors for infection and morbidity in both localities. In 70 schoolchildren from BK and 83 from Y, ultrasound was used to assess morbidity according to the WHO guidelines. Evaluation of measles antibodies was performed in previously vaccinated schoolchildren (14 with S. haematobium and 12 egg-negative controls from BK and 47 with S. mansoni and12 egg-negative controls from Y).Principal Findings and conclusions: The prevalence of S. haematobium was 25. 4% in BK (43/169) and 34.8% for S. mansoni in Y (124/356), indicating the persistent transmission of schistosomiasis despite MDA. Older age (AOR 1.31; 95%CI 1.12–1.54) and higher frequencies of exposure to river water (AOR 1.99; 95%CI 1.03–3.86) were identified as risks for infection in BK whereas only older age (OR 1.15; 95%CI 1.04–1.27) was a risk for infection in Y. Bladder pathology (score 2 to 5) was observed in 29.2% (7/24) of egg-positive children in BK and liver pathology (pattern C) in 31.1% (19/61) of egg-positive children in Y. There was a positive correlation between S. haematobium egg burden and bladder pathology (AOR 1.01; 95% CI 0.99–1.02) and positive correlation between S. mansoni-driven liver pathology and female gender (AOR 3.01; 95% CI 0.88–10.26). Anti-measles antibodies in vaccinated children were significantly lower in S. mansoni-infected when compared to egg-negative controls (p = 0.001), which was not observed in the S. haematobium-infected group from BK. Our results demonstrate a questionable efficacy of MDA alone in halting schistosomiasis transmission and confirm a possible immunomodulatory effect of S. mansoni on response to vaccines.

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“…The correlation (Pearson product moment, see for example , Heumann, Schomaker & Shalabh [2016], chapter 11) between anxiety and mark is negative, as might be expected (students who are performing poorly feel more anxious), but the correlation is only modest, varying between −0.25 (2016) and −0.34 (2017) during the study (both significant at p < 0.05 level). We find that the correlation between marks and motivation towards their study is smaller, varying between 0.10 2017 While correlation is not causation, these modest correlations, at least for the larger cohorts in 2017 and 2018, do show that there is at least a weak to moderate relationship between marks and anxiety, but only a weak relationship between marks and motivation.…”

Section: Survey Resultsmentioning

confidence: 55%

Student Responses to a Tough Early Assessment: A Useful “Kick up the Bum”?

Wilson¹

2019

SUCCESS

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First year is a delicate time for students. Many have little idea what to expect of university, and their sense of identity as tertiary students is fragile. A diagnostic assessment early in first semester may reassure students that they have chosen the right path. However, some academics, particularly in engineering, argue that this early assessment should be very demanding – so tough, in fact, that some students fail - in order to alert students to the hard work required to pass the course. This study uses a mixed methods design (weekly surveys and in-depth interviews) to explore the effects of a purposefully tough early assessment on first year engineering students at an Australian university. We find that, across the cohort, the high failure rate was not associated with a significant slump or spike in motivation. Although some students were initially dismayed by their results, most went on to address their study with resilience, and appreciated the “kick up the bum”, as they described it.

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Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis

Cited by 140 publications

References 0 publications

Left ventricular M‐mode prediction intervals in 7651 dogs: Population‐wide and selected breed‐specific values

Left ventricular M‐mode prediction intervals in 7651 dogs: Population‐wide and selected breed‐specific values

Schistosomiasis Burden and Its Association With Lower Measles Vaccine Responses in School Children From Rural Cameroon

Student Responses to a Tough Early Assessment: A Useful “Kick up the Bum”?

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