In wireless environments, transmission and 1 reception costs dominate system power consumption, motivating 2 research effort on new technologies capable of reducing the 3 footprint of the radio, paving the way for the Internet of 4 Things. The most important challenge is to reduce power 5 consumption when receivers are idle, the so called idle-listening 6 cost. One approach proposes switching off the main receiver, 7 then introduces new wake-up circuitry capable of detecting 8 an incoming transmission, optionally discriminating the packet 9 destination using addressing, then switching on the main radio 10 only when required. This wake-up receiver technology represents 11 the ultimate frontier in low power radio communication. In 12 this paper, we present a comprehensive literature review of 13 the research progress in wake-up radio (WuR) hardware and 14 relevant networking software. First, we present an overview of 15 the WuR system architecture, including challenges to hardware 16 design and a comparison of solutions presented throughout the 17 last decade. Next, we present various medium access control and 18 routing protocols as well as diverse ways to exploit WuRs, both 19 as an extension of pre-existing systems and as a new concept to 20 manage low-power networking.