Intrusive memories of trauma: A target for research bridging cognitive science and its clinical application

Abstract

Intrusive memories of a traumatic event can be distressing and disruptive, and comprise a core clinical feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Intrusive memories involve mental imagery-based impressions that intrude into mind involuntarily, and are emotional. Here we consider how recent advances in cognitive science have fueled our understanding of the development and possible treatment of intrusive memories of trauma. We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, selecting articles published from 2008 to 2018 that used the terms “trauma” AND (“intrusive memories” OR “involuntary memories”) in their abstract or title. First, we discuss studies that investigated internal (neural, hormonal, psychophysiological, and cognitive) processes that contribute to intrusive memory development. Second, we discuss studies that targeted these processes using behavioural/pharmacological interventions to reduce intrusive memories. Third, we consider possible clinical implications of this work and highlight some emerging research avenues for treatment and prevention, supplemented by new data to examine some unanswered questions. In conclusion, we raise the possibility that intrusive memories comprise an alternative, possibly more focused, target in translational research endeavours, rather than only targeting overall symptoms of disorders such as PTSD. If so, relatively simple approaches could help to address the need for easy-to-deliver, widely-scalable trauma interventions.

Lest we forget: towards therapeutic amnesia

“…The persistence of memory offers an warning against similar events that could cause physical or psychological harm. 1 Normally, people endure intrusive memories for days or weeks after the trauma, which then abate. 1 Some traumatic memories, however, can become fixed (consolidated) and when involuntarily recalled evoke considerable emotional distress and hi-jack the person's attention -the hallmarks of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).…”

“…1 Normally, people endure intrusive memories for days or weeks after the trauma, which then abate. 1 Some traumatic memories, however, can become fixed (consolidated) and when involuntarily recalled evoke considerable emotional distress and hi-jack the person's attention -the hallmarks of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 1 The intrusive memories seem to drive PTSD's other facets, such as avoidance, negative cognition and mood, and hyperarousal.…”

“…1 Some traumatic memories, however, can become fixed (consolidated) and when involuntarily recalled evoke considerable emotional distress and hi-jack the person's attention -the hallmarks of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 1 The intrusive memories seem to drive PTSD's other facets, such as avoidance, negative cognition and mood, and hyperarousal. 1 Aberrant fear-provoking memories also contribute to phobias and several other psychological diseases.…”

“…1 The intrusive memories seem to drive PTSD's other facets, such as avoidance, negative cognition and mood, and hyperarousal. 1 Aberrant fear-provoking memories also contribute to phobias and several other psychological diseases. 1,2 PTSD's intrusive memories vary from 'fleeting sensory impressions' to flashbacks 'so intense [that] the patient dissociates and feels as if they are back at the time of the trauma'.…”

“…1 Aberrant fear-provoking memories also contribute to phobias and several other psychological diseases. 1,2 PTSD's intrusive memories vary from 'fleeting sensory impressions' to flashbacks 'so intense [that] the patient dissociates and feels as if they are back at the time of the trauma'. 3 Typically, intrusive memories are visual, although patients may report sounds, smells, tastes and sensations.…”