Invasion history and demographic pattern of <i><scp>C</scp>ryphonectria hypovirus 1</i> across <scp>E</scp>uropean populations of the chestnut blight fungus

Bryner, Sarah Franziska; Rigling, Daniel; Brunner, Patrick C.

doi:10.1002/ece3.429

Cited by 63 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…This change was most apparent following the re‐isolation of virus‐infected isolates from lesions formed on the seedlings, and the same isolates tended to form fewer stromata, were associated with less epicormic growth in the infected plant material and produced smaller lesions. It has previously been reported that mycovirus infection (hypovirulence) in C. parasitica is associated with loss of colony pigmentation and reduced sporulation . However, it was notable in our study that the virus‐infected UK isolates did not have a white colony phenotype and slower growth on initial screening, although low levels of CHV‐1 could be detected (original nanograms per microlitre detections of 9.9 for L‐6 and 9.2 for Db‐1), but only became apparent on re‐isolation from inoculated host material when the virus concentration was also found to have increased (respective concentrations of 31.5 ± 5.7 and 30.2 ± 25.5 ng μL −1 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

Hypovirulent effect of theCryphonectria hypovirus 1in British isolates ofCryphonectria parasitica

Romon-Ochoa

Gorton

Lewis

et al. 2019

Pest Management Science

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Background Chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, is controlled in many European countries by the naturally occurring mycovirus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV‐1). During surveys of recently identified chestnut blight outbreak in England, CHV‐1 was detected in several individuals of the pathogen isolated from affected trees. We investigated two of these CHV‐1‐infected isolates (L‐6 and Db‐1) as potential biocontrol agents for deployment in the UK comparing their virulence against virus‐free (M1275) and hypovirulent (M784) European isolates by inoculating sweet chestnut seedlings. Results Both the European CHV‐1 M784 hypovirulent isolate and UK L‐6 isolate formed significantly smaller lesions in sweet chestnut seedling bark than the other three isolates (Db‐1, and virulent isolates FTC121 and M1275). The highest virus concentration was detected in isolate M784, followed by L‐6, with the lowest concentration in isolate Db‐1. White colony colouration indicative of hypovirulence was common in colonies re‐isolated from smaller lesions, and the same isolates also tended to be slower growing in culture, have a higher virus concentration, and caused less epicormic growth and fewer stromata to be present in plants. L‐6 and Db‐1 virus sequences, respectively, matched the virus haplotype E‐5 detected previously in Switzerland and a mutation of the same subtype I haplotype. Conclusion Isolate L‐6 could potentially act as biocontrol for chestnut blight outbreaks in the UK but further laboratory and field experiments are needed. © 2019 Crown copyright. Pest Management Science © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

Hypovirulent effect of theCryphonectria hypovirus 1in British isolates ofCryphonectria parasitica

Romon-Ochoa

Gorton

Lewis

et al. 2019

Pest Management Science

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“…Two main reasons account for this less dramatic course of the epidemics. CHV-1 has successfully spread across Europe and become established in many C. parasitica populations (Bryner, Rigling, & Brunner, 2012;Heiniger & Rigling, 1994;Milgroom & Cortesi, 2004). Secondly, in Europe, the chestnut blight fungus became itself infected by a mycovirus, named Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1) that reduces virulence (hypovirulence) and sporulation of the infected C. parasitica strains (Anagnostakis, 1982;Dawe & Nuss, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low genetic diversity but frequent sexual reproduction of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica in Azerbaijan

2017

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Chestnut blight was first recorded in Azerbaijan on the native European chestnut (Castanea sativa) in 2004, and since then, the disease is expanding in the country. In this study, chestnut blight was detected in seven of eight forest districts that were inspected. To characterize the local population structure of the chestnut blight fungus, 199 Cryphonectria parasitica isolates were collected and assessed for vc type, mating type and microsatellite genotype. Among these isolates, one dominant vc type was detected comprising 93% of the isolates. Six additional vc types were identified among the other isolates. The microsatellite analysis revealed a very similar pattern with 96.5% of the isolates belonging to the same multilocus genotype. Both mating types of C. parasitica were present in all seven districts with a mating type ratio not different from 1:1 in five districts. In accordance with the occurrence of both mating types, sexual fruiting bodies (perithecia) of C. parasitica were found in all districts with an overall prevalence on 20.6% of the cankers. The dominant vc type and microsatellite genotype in Azerbaijan do not occur in Europe, but have previously been found to be widespread in neighbouring Georgia. Our study reveals that sexual reproduction in the invasive C. parasitica population in Azerbaijan is frequent, although the population shows a low genetic diversity. This could favour the biological control of chestnut blight using hypovirulence, which so far does not seem to be present in Azerbaijan.How to cite this article: Aghayeva DN, Rigling D, Prospero S.Low genetic diversity but frequent sexual reproduction of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica in Azerbaijan.

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“…Metagenomic studies applied to mycoviruses (Pearson et al 2009;Ghabrial and Suzuki 2009;Roossinck et al 2010;Xie and Jiang 2014) and fungi (see next section) point to new hyperparasite or fungal antagonist candidates. Some mycoviruses have followed the route of invasion of their invasive fungal hosts and have been first detected in the introduced range of their hosts (Bryner et al 2012;Feau et al 2014;Voth et al 2006;Schoebel et al 2014;Martinez-Alvarez et al 2014). However, according to the enemy release hypothesis (Mitchell and Power 2003), hyperparasites are expected be more frequent in the native range of their hosts than elsewhere, and thus, systematic searches should be concentrated in these areas (Roderick and Navajas 2003;Hale et al 2014;Ridout and Newcombe 2015).…”

Section: Hyperparasitism Of Fungal Pathogens: a Poorly Understood Butmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The horizontal transmission of mycoviruses is controlled by the fungal vegetative incompatibility system, which, until recently, was thought to impede virus transmission in populations. However, some mycoviruses have a global distribution [e.g., CHV1 (Bryner et al 2012), Gremmenellia virus ]. Recent results showed that in situ transmission rates of CHV1 are higher than in vitro studies had suggested (Carbone et al 2004;Brusini and Robin 2013).…”

Section: Hyperparasitism Of Fungal Pathogens: a Poorly Understood Butmentioning

confidence: 99%

An evolutionary ecology perspective to address forest pathology challenges of today and tomorrow

Desprez-Loustau

Aguayo²,

Dutech

et al. 2016

Annals of Forest Science

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Abstract& Key message Increasing human impacts on forests, including unintentional movement of pathogens, climate change, and large-scale intensive plantations, are associated with an unprecedented rate of new diseases. An evolutionary ecology perspective can help address these challenges and provide direction for sustainable forest management.& Context Forest pathology has historically relied on an ecological approach to understand and address the practical management of forest diseases. A widening of this perspective to include evolutionary considerations has been increasingly developed in response to the rising rates of genetic change in both pathogen populations and tree populations due to human activities. & Aims Here, five topics for which the evolutionary perspective is especially relevant are highlighted. & Results The first relates to the evolutionary diversity of fungi and fungal-like organisms, with issues linked to the identification of species and their ecological niches. The second theme deals with the evolutionary processes that allow forest pathogens to adapt to new hosts after introductions or to become more virulent in homogeneous plantations. The third theme presents issues linked to disease resistance in tree breeding programs (e.g., growth-defense trade-offs) and proposes new criteria and methods for more durable resistance. The last two themes are dedicated to the biotic environment of the tree-pathogen system, namely, hyperparasites and tree microbiota, as possible solutions for health management. & Conclusion We conclude by highlighting three major conceptual advances brought by evolutionary biology, i.e., that (i) "not everything is everywhere", (ii) evolution of pathogen populations can occur on short time scales, and (iii) the tree is a multitrophic community. We further translate these into a framework for immediate policy recommendations and future directions for research.

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Invasion history and demographic pattern of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 across European populations of the chestnut blight fungus

Cited by 63 publications

References 68 publications

Hypovirulent effect of theCryphonectria hypovirus 1in British isolates ofCryphonectria parasitica

Hypovirulent effect of theCryphonectria hypovirus 1in British isolates ofCryphonectria parasitica

Low genetic diversity but frequent sexual reproduction of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica in Azerbaijan

An evolutionary ecology perspective to address forest pathology challenges of today and tomorrow

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