Inventory approach for short-chain chlorinated paraffins for the Stockholm Convention implementation in Brazil

Guida, Yago; Capella, Raquel; Kajiwara, Natsuko; Babayemi, Joshua O.; Torres, João Paulo Machado; Weber, Roland

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132344

Cited by 28 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…CPs include very-short-chain CPs (vSCCPs, C<10), short-chain CPs (SCCPs, C10–13), medium-chain CPs (MCCPs, C14–17), and long-chain CPs (LCCPs, C>17) . They are used as flame retardants, plasticizers, additives, and lubricants in polyvinyl chloride, rubber and other plastic products, and metal-working fluids. , Compared to existing persistent organic pollutants (POPs), the global production and use of CPs are in orders of magnitude higher tonnage, amounting to ∼32.5 million tons in 2020 . In addition, CP has characteristics of environmental persistence, strong bioaccumulation, and certain types of ecotoxicity .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mounting evidence has suggested the widespread occurrence of CPs in wastewater, − inland surface water, , and groundwater . Concerningly, CPs concentrations are generally comparable to or higher than the other POPs, such as brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental matrices. ,, Furthermore, model predictions and field observations have shown of CPs persistence and long-range transportation by dry or wet precipitation, river input and ocean currents in the environment, suggesting their essential roles in transporting CPs from terrestrial sources to the ocean. ,, …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chlorinated Paraffin Pollution in the Marine Environment

Lyu,

Zhang

2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are ubiquitous in the environment due to their large-scale usage, persistence, and long-range atmospheric transport. The oceans are a critical environment where CPs transformation occurs. However, the broad impacts of CPs on the marine environment remain unclear. This review describes the sources, occurrence and transport pathways, environmental processes, and ecological effects of CPs in the marine environment. CPs are distributed in the global marine environment by riverine input, ocean currents, and long-range atmospheric transport from industrial areas. Environmental processes, such as the deposition of particle-bound compounds, leaching of plastics, and microbial degradation of CPs, are the critical drivers for regulating CPs’ fate in water columns or sediment. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of CPs in marine food webs may threaten marine ecosystem functions. To elucidate the biogeochemical processes and environmental impacts of CPs in marine environments, future work should clarify the burden and transformation process of CPs and reveal their ecological effects. The results would help readers clarify the current research status and future research directions of CPs in the marine environment and provide the scientific basis and theoretical foundations for the government to assess marine ecological risks of CPs and to make policies for pollution prevention and control.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorinated Paraffin Pollution in the Marine Environment

Lyu,

Zhang

2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…In addition, imported long-term-use products may contain SCCPs, as reported by Guida et al (2022b) and McGrath et al (2021). Moreover, some studies have reported that imported products containing SCCPs played an important role in SCCP inventory in recent years (Babayemi et al, 2022;Guida et al, 2022a). Tong et al (2022) also suggested the importance of exporting toxic chemicals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Homologue-based Estimations of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffin Emissions and Concentrations in Japan

Koshiba

NAGANO

Hirai

et al. 2023

EMCR

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Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are persistent organic pollutants. In Japan, SCCPs are widely detected in the environment although the production and use of SCCPs have been banned. It is essential to estimate the amount and sources of SCCPs to implement countermeasures for SCCP emission. In this study, we estimated the emission and environmental concentrations of SCCP homologues in Japan from 1950 to 2050. Initially, the material flow of total SCCPs was estimated considering the material recycling process. The emission from each process during the entire life cycle of products containing SCCPs was estimated for each homologue. Volatilization factors of long-term-use products were specifically estimated from release factors and surface area, weight, and SCCP concentration of products containing SCCPs. The environmental concentrations were then estimated using the environmental fate model. In the material flow and emission estimation, parameter uncertainties, such as emission factors and SCCP application distribution, were considered, assuming each parameter follows a uniform distribution. The results of emission estimation suggested a decreasing trend of SCCP emission in recent years and continuation of this trend in the future. However, some emissions from long-term-use products may persist. In the future, products that have a long lifetime with closed-loop recycling, such as polyvinyl chloride wire-coating materials, are expected to significantly contribute to atmospheric emission. Moreover, recycled products may contain SCCPs. Based on the estimated concentration, the estimated water and sediment concentrations were within the range of the observed concentrations. Conversely, we could reduce the gap between the estimated and observed atmospheric SCCP concentrations compared with those in previous studies that did not consider the volatilization factor for each SCCP-containing product and material recycling process. However, a difference between the estimated and observed concentrations suggests that some unconsidered emission sources may exist that emit SCCPs into the atmosphere, such as SCCPs as impurities in medium-chain chlorinated paraffins, imported products containing SCCPs, and atmospheric advection from other countries. Hence, it is essential to calculate emissions from sources other than products that intentionally contain SCCPs produced in the past.

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“…Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are n-alkanes substituted with chlorine fractions spanning approximately 30 to 70 % by weight (% w/w), which are applied as plasticizers and flame retardants in consumer goods and materials. With a range of chlorination degrees and carbon chain lengths affording diverse chemical properties, CPs are versatile additives to polyvinyl chloride (PVC), rubber, adhesives, sealants and textiles (Chen et al, 2022;Guida et al, 2022). CPs are typically categorised by carbon chain length as short-(C 10-13 ), medium-(C 14-17 ) and long-(C ≥18 ) chain CPs (SCCPs, MCCPs and LCCPs, respectively), though technical formulations may contain various combinations of these groups (Chen et al, 2022;Li et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CPs are typically categorised by carbon chain length as short-(C 10-13 ), medium-(C 14-17 ) and long-(C ≥18 ) chain CPs (SCCPs, MCCPs and LCCPs, respectively), though technical formulations may contain various combinations of these groups (Chen et al, 2022;Li et al, 2018). Global production of CPs has increased substantially during recent decades with current total manufacture predicted to be approximately two million tonnes per year (Guida et al, 2022;Chen et al, 2022;Glüge et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%