“…clauses, sentences, and T-units, as defined in Section 3.2), amount of embedding or subordination, amount of coordination, range of surface syntactic structures, and degree of sophistication of particular syntactic structures (Ortega 2003). Notably, the specific set of measures proposed for second language development research differs from the set of measures widely adopted in first language development studies (for an overview of these measures, see, e.g., Cheung &Kemper 1992 andKreyer 2006), although some overlap exists. While measures that gauge length of production units are common in both sets, many first language syntactic complexity measures rank syntactic structures based on patterns of syntactic development or frequency of use, e.g.…”