Inverted polymer solar cells with 8.4% efficiency by conjugated polyelectrolyte

Ethanedithiol Treatment of Solution‐Processed ZnO Thin Films: Controlling the Intragap States of Electron Transporting Interlayers for Efficient and Stable Inverted Organic Photovoltaics

“…[5,6] In this device configuration, the bottom transparent electrodes are modified by interlayers with low work function, serving as electron-transporting interlayers (ETLs). [7][8][9][10] ZnO is an attractive material for ETL applications due to its appealing properties such as excellent visible transparency, high electron mobility, environmentally friendly nature and ease of fabrication. [10,11] A variety of low-temperature and solution-based methods by using Sol-gel precursors or colloidal nanocrystals to deposit ZnO ETLs have been demonstrated.…”

Regular Energetics at Conjugated Electrolyte/Electrode Modifier for Organic Electronics and their Implications on Design Rules

“…Further note that designing the electrode/CE/OSC system so that pinning to the ICT + /ICT -states of the OSC are achieved not only reduces the hole-injection barrier (Φh,barrier) / electron injection barrier (Φe,barrier), but also increases the carrier concentration and suppresses carrier recombination at the contact as well as the sequential dark current in OPVs, as is confirmed by device results. [11] From the proposed model it is easy to understand why many of the current cationic CEs are unsuitable as thick electron injecting/transporting layers. Since the -delocalized backbones of PFN, PFNBr and P(NSO3)2 are intrinsically donors, the CE/electrode interface typically winds up in the (iii) region of the ICT curve when using inert metal electrodes, yielding the largest possible Φe,barrier for the CE, see Fig.…”

“…Consequently much effort has been invested in tailoring electrodes using interlayers to optimize charge injection/extraction. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Recent reports have demonstrated that conjugated electrolytes (CEs) containing a -delocalized backbone and pendant ionic groups are very efficient charge injection/extraction interlayers for device operation, [12][13][14] as they can effectively tune the work function of metal electrodes. [12,15] Furthermore, the ionic groups render the CEs soluble in polar solvents, allowing the subsequent coating process of the organic layer with no damage to or intermixing with the underlying semiconducting polymer layer that typically is deposited with non-polar solvents.…”

Influence of the alkyl substitution position on photovoltaic properties of 2D-BDT-based conjugated polymers

“…Significant improvements have been achieved in understanding the correlations between polymer structure and photovoltaic performance, which have helped to boost the power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 7% in several well-known backbones, such as benzodithiophene (BDT) and thienothiophene (TT) (PBDT-TT) [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28], BDT and benzothiadiazole (BT) (PBDT-BT) [29,30], BDT and thienopyrroledione (TPD) (PBDT-TPD) [31], etc.…”