Investigating Customer Racial Discrimination in the Secondary Baseball Card Market*

Primm, Eric; Piquero, Nicole Leeper; Regoli, Robert M.

doi:10.1111/j.1475-682x.2010.00360.x

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…For instance, Nardinelli and Simon [35] suggest that the race of the player printed on the baseball cards can affect the consumer's desired price. On the other hand, other studies have reported no or insignificant evidence of racial discrimination among consumers in the case of the baseball card market [31,43]. However, to date, whether ethics-related endogenous predictors such as gender and skin tones affect NFT valuation remains unknown.…”

Section: Background and Related Work 21 Nfts Marketplaces And Ethicsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…While studies on discrimination in NFT transactions are largely scant, prior work on racial discrimination in physical collectibles suggests multiple sources of racial discrimination in prices, including suppliers, customers, and other parties [6]. For customer racial discrimination, studies that have examined gender and racial influences on prices have mixed, and contradictory findings [31,35,36,43]. For instance, Nardinelli and Simon [35] suggest that the race of the player printed on the baseball cards can affect the consumer's desired price.…”

Section: Background and Related Work 21 Nfts Marketplaces And Ethicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Mechanics of NFT Valuation: AI Ethics and Social Media

Zhang¹,

Sun²,

Quan³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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As CryptoPunks pioneers the innovation of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) in AI and art, the valuation mechanics of NFTs has become a trending topic. Earlier research identifies the impact of ethics and society on the price prediction of CryptoPunks. Since the booming year of the NFT market in 2021, the discussion of CryptoPunks has propagated on social media. Still, existing literature hasn't considered the social sentiment factors after the historical turning point on NFT valuation. In this paper, we study how sentiments in social media, together with gender and skin tone, contribute to NFT valuations by an empirical analysis of social media, blockchain, and crypto exchange data. We evidence social sentiments as a significant contributor to the price prediction of CryptoPunks. Furthermore, we document structure changes in the valuation mechanics before and after 2021. Although people's attitudes towards Cryptopunks are primarily positive, our findings reflect imbalances in transaction activities and pricing based on gender and skin tone. Our result is consistent and robust, controlling for the rarity of an NFT based on the set of human-readable attributes, including gender and skin tone. Our research contributes to the interdisciplinary study at the intersection of AI, Ethics, and Society, focusing on the ecosystem of decentralized AI or blockchain. We provide our data and code for replicability as open access on GitHub.

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Section: Background and Related Work 21 Nfts Marketplaces And Ethicsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Background and Related Work 21 Nfts Marketplaces And Ethicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Mechanics of NFT Valuation: AI Ethics and Social Media

Zhang¹,

Sun²,

Quan³

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…ESPN uses a standard face-shot for the photo on every player’s individual page on ESPN.com. We followed the technique used most commonly in the literature (Berri et al , 2014; DeWerff, 2016; Primm et al , 2011; Robst et al , 2011) and applied Adobe Photoshop to take a sample from the direct center of each player’s forehead and then measure the level of RGB saturation. Photoshop then provides a score ranging from 000 (completely black) to 999 (completely white).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revealed preferences among NBA fans: Is skin tone a factor?

Belasen

2019

IJSMS

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Purpose Skin tone has been shown to impact the ability of darker-skinned athletes to maximize their earnings to potential earnings ratio. Additionally, studies of fan preference have found strong support for racial implications on team preference and ticket sales. The purpose of this paper is to test these theories empirically by examining the marginal impact of skin tone on top selling jerseys. Design/methodology/approach This study makes use of an ordered probit regression analysis to examine the impact of NBA players’ skin tone on their jersey sales after controlling for a number of other factors. Jersey sales are measured in rank order and skin tone is captured by measuring the level of pigmentation in player profile photos. Findings Overall, the study finds a significantly positive relationship between skin tone and jersey sale rankings. This runs contrary to the standard literature results that darker-skinned athletes are likely to earn less and attract fewer endorsements than their lighter-skinned counterparts. More specifically, the marginal impact of skin tone is comparable to the marginal impact of individual player statistics in determining how well a player’s jersey will sell. Practical implications If, in fact, fans are more likely to purchase jerseys from darker-skinned NBA players, it stands to reason that the standard business practice found in the literature of rewarding lighter-skinned players with higher salaries and better endorsement deals requires further investigation. Originality/value This study provides valuable information about athlete branding and offers insights to advertisers and sponsors seeking to align the strategy of branding athletes for increased jersey sales.

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“…Research has covered discrimination in hiring, in retaining (along seasons), in segregating (to specific game roles), and in salary of players, as well as customer discrimination. The last topic is also known as fan discrimination, typically measured using TV audience (Aldrich et al, 2005), game attendance (Foley & Smith, 2007;Hersch, 2009;Wilson & Ying, 2003), the trading value of sport cards (Broyles & Keen, 2010;Primm et al, 2011), the votes for best player awards (Jewell et al, 2002). As far as salary discrimination in professional sports is concerned with, there is an extensive literature on the subject.…”

Section: Labour Economic Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Discrimination Data Analysis: A Multi-disciplinary Bibliography

Romei

Ruggieri

2013

Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics

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Discrimination data analysis has been investigated for the last fifty years in a large body of social, legal, and economic studies. Recently, discrimination discovery and prevention has become a blooming research topic in the knowledge discovery community. This chapter provides a multi-disciplinary annotated bibliography of the literature on discrimination data analysis, with the intended objective to provide a common basis to researchers from a multi-disciplinary perspective.We cover legal, sociological, economic and computer science references

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Investigating Customer Racial Discrimination in the Secondary Baseball Card Market*

Cited by 12 publications

References 35 publications

On the Mechanics of NFT Valuation: AI Ethics and Social Media

On the Mechanics of NFT Valuation: AI Ethics and Social Media

Revealed preferences among NBA fans: Is skin tone a factor?

Discrimination Data Analysis: A Multi-disciplinary Bibliography

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