“…A literature search in the databases of two major FM journals (i.e., Facilities, Journal of Facilities Management) yielded only a handful of relevant studies on cleaning and the presence of cleaning staff. Most of these studies are about the managerial side of cleaning by focussing on the make or buy decision for cleaning services (e.g., Klungseth et al, 2016, Houston & Youngs, 1996, Gbadegesin & Babatunde, 2015, end-user satisfaction with cleaning services (e.g., Hui et al, 2013, Hui & Zheng, 2010, and cost management (e.g., Bywater, 1990). The qualitative studies of Whitehead et al (2007) and Whatley et al (2012) are to the knowledge of the authors the only studies evaluating the effect of cleaning staff on end-user perceptions.…”