Investigating the Impact of Early Valve Surgery on Survival in Staphylococcus aureus Infective Endocarditis Using a Marginal Structural Model Approach: Results of a Large, Prospectively Evaluated Cohort

Abstract

Background The impact of valve surgery on outcomes of Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis (SAIE) remains controversial. We tested the hypothesis that early valve surgery (EVS) improves survival by using a novel approach that allows for inclusion of major confounders in a time-dependent way. Methods EVS was defined as valve surgery within 60 days. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed. To account for treatment selection bias, we additionally used a weighted Cox model (marginal structural model) that accounts for time-dynamic imbalances between treatment groups. To address survivor bias, EVS was included as a time-dependent variable. Follow-up of patients was 1 year. Results Two hundred and three patients were included in the analysis; 50 underwent EVS. All-cause mortality at day 30 was 26%. In the conventional multivariable Cox regression model, the effect of EVS on the death hazard was 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI], .47–1.52). Using the weighted Cox model, the death hazard rate (HR) of EVS was 0.71 (95% CI, .34–1.49). In subgroup analyses, no survival benefit was observed in patients with septic shock (HR, 0.80 [CI, .26–2.46]), in NVIE (HR, 0.76 [CI, .33–1.71]) or PVIE (HR, 1.02 [CI, .29–3.54]), or in patients with EVS within 14 days (HR, 0.97 [CI, .46–2.07]). Conclusions Using both a conventional Cox regression model and a weighted Cox model, we did not find a survival benefit for patients who underwent EVS in our cohort. Until results of randomized controlled trials are available, EVS in SAIE should be based on individualized decisions of an experienced multidisciplinary team. Clinical Trials Registration German Clinical Trials registry (DRKS00005045).

Diabetes Mellitus: An Independent Risk Factor of In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Infective Endocarditis in a New Era of Clinical Practice

“…Real-time and adequate antibiotic treatment is insufficient in these patients; hence, sepsis is the major cause of death in these patients. Second, several studies have found that Staphylococcus aureus infection is associated with higher mortality rates in a variety of infectious diseases [40,41,42,43]. The higher rate of Staphylococcus aureus infection in diabetic patients conveys an important message, that is, this infection is associated with higher rates of both complications and mortality in IE, and these findings have been confirmed by several studies [42,43,44,45].…”