“…Like other toxic metals, vanadium has the ability to induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in antioxidant enzyme inhibition and lipid peroxidation (Aureliano et al, 2002). This effect was reported for several fish species including O. mykiss (Gillio Meina et al, 2020), Halobatrachus didactylus (Aureliano et al, 2002;Soares et al, 2008), and Clarias batrachus (Bishayee and Chatterjee, 1994). Other effects on fishes were also described including inhibited growth, damage to the neurological system and to specific organs (kidney, liver, and heart), as well as changes in hematological, reproductive, and respiratory systems (Borges et al, 2003;Fazio et al, 2019).…”