The Arduino platform is widely used in education of physics to perform a number of different measurements. Teachers and students can build their own instruments using various sensors, the analogue-to-digital converter of the Arduino board and code to calculate and display the result. In several cases this can mean incautious reproduction of what can be found on the Internet and an indepth understanding can be missing. Here we thoroughly analyse a frequently used resistance measurement method and show demonstration experiments as well to make it clear.
Construction of the OhmmeterA wide range of experiments and solutions are shown where sensors and the Arduino platform are used to teach physics efficiently and attractively while the cost is kept very low [1][2][3][4][5]. Sensors have an output (voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance) that can be handled by electronics.Since an analogue-to-digital converter (A/D converter, ADC) has voltage input, some circuitry is needed to convert the sensor's output into voltage that fits in the input range of the ADC. Like in any measurement, a reference is required. The Arduino board's ADC accepts an input voltage in the range from 0 V to VREF, where VREF is the reference voltage. Digital sensors incorporate all of these plus a digital data interface.The simplest way to measure resistance is to build a voltage divider which has an output voltage that depends on the unknown resistance, see figure 1. This is the common method applied in Arduino Ohmmeter projects published on the Internet.