Investigating trends in those who experience menstrual bleeding changes after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination

Lee, Katharine M. N.; Junkins, Eleanor J; Luo, Chongliang; Fatima, Urooba A; Cox, Maria L; Clancy, Kathryn B. H.

doi:10.1126/sciadv.abm7201

Cited by 106 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…The majority of them were suffering from heavy bleeding (24.64%) followed by menstruation frequency longer than 35 days (23.19%), painful bleeding (19.32%), menstruation frequency shorter than 25 days (16.9%) and light bleeding for fewer periods (15.94%). In a Similar study Lee et al (6) have reported that 56% of the women who took Covid-19 vaccination were having menstrual irregularities. In this study 42.1% of the total respondent reported heavier menstrual flow while 14.3% reported not heavier menstrual flow (characterized by a mix or higher or no change).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Changes In the Menstrual Cycle Among the Covid-19 Vaccinated Women in The Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey, 2022

Almousa¹

2022

The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine

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Background: There is growing concerns that COVID-19 vaccination causes disruption to menstrual cycle. The study has showed that several women required gynecological visits claiming menstrual irregularities or abnormal uterine bleeding after the first and second doses of vaccination (regardless of the type of vaccine used). Objective: This study was conducted in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia to assess the effect of Covid-19 vaccination on the menstrual cycle of the women. Material and methods: It was a cross-sectional prospective study that was conducted by survey the post Covid-19 vaccinated women in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. The sample size was calculated using a Fisher's formula which was 344 women who have been vaccinated by Covid-19 vaccination. Results: A total of 343 women participated in this study. The mean age of the participants was 30.16 ± 18.20 years. More than forty two percent of the participants had one time Covid-19 infection while 5% was twice infected with Covid-19 virus. The vast majority of the participants (91.3%) were immuned by 2 vaccines. More than sixty percent (60.3%) of the participants were suffering from one and other menstruation irregularities after Covid-19 vaccination. 14% of them were suffering from the menstruation frequency longer than 35 days while 10.2% of them were suffering from the menstruation frequency shorter than 25 days. Conclusion: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is associated with change in menstrual cycle length, heavy menstruation and painful menstruation. Female with the age group of 15-24 years were 2 times more likely to develop menstruation cycle change.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Changes In the Menstrual Cycle Among the Covid-19 Vaccinated Women in The Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey, 2022

Almousa¹

2022

The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine

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“…It remains an understudied topic; since the beginning of the immunization program for COVID-19, quite a significant fraction of people have reported experiencing sudden changes in their menstrual bleeding patterns. Individuals and groups that were hesitant to get vaccinated and anti-vaccine activists associated the risk of short-term menstrual interruptions with long-term reproductive issues [ 29 ]. Therefore, similar studies need to be conducted to clear such misconceptions and ensure that the vaccine is causing no harmful effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Menstrual Cycle: A Cross-Sectional Study From Karachi, Pakistan

Sualeh¹,

Uddin²,

Junaid³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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BackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease triggered a worldwide health catastrophe. To deal with this deadly situation multiple vaccines were developed and a mass immunization program started globally. However, vaccine hesitancy was seen, especially among women of reproductive age, having concerns that the vaccine might affect their menstrual cycle. This study investigated the link between COVID-19 vaccination and menstrual abnormalities. It is essential for us to understand the effects of vaccines on menstruation as menstrual distress can have effects on everyday life, and mental and reproductive health. MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed using self-administered online forms to collect data from all over Karachi. The sample included 384 females aged 18 years and above. The data were collected from November 2021 to February 2022. ResultsMajority of the participants were aged 21 years and had a normal body mass index (BMI). Most were moderately stressed (n=245) with 146 reporting menstrual changes post-vaccination. The difference between the post-vaccine menstruation affected (n=146) and the unaffected cohort (n=238) was significant. Other factors which likely contributed to the post-vaccine menstrual changes included Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) score, strenuous physical activity, and the pre-vaccine menstrual flow. ConclusionsAmong the women vaccinated for COVID-19, strenuous physical activity and high perceived stress levels affected the menstrual cycle. There is no denying that existing data are inadequate, which is one of the grounds for vaccination apprehension, particularly among menstruating women. To minimize this hesitation, the spread of disinformation about the vaccine's influence on the menstrual cycle must be avoided. In future research and clinical trials, menstruation-related side effects should also be investigated when developing vaccines.

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“…Concerning the incidence and the possible pathophysiology of the adverse events related to vaccination, a great number of studies have been published [226][227][228][229][230][231][232][233] although still a clear-cut evidence about their incidence and pathomechanisms does not exist.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 - The Role of Natural Immunity: A Narrative Review

Diani¹,

Leonardi²,

Cavezzi³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Both natural immunity and vaccine-induced immunity to COVID-19 may be useful to reduce the mortality/morbidity of this disease, but still a lot of controversy exists. Aims: This narrative review analyzes the literature about: a) the duration of natural immunity; b) cellular immunity; c) cross-reactivity; d) the duration of post-vaccination immune protection; e) the probability of reinfection and its clinical manifestations in the recovered patients; f) comparisons between vaccinated and unvaccinated in the possible reinfections; g) the role of hybrid immunity; h) the effectiveness of natural and vaccine-induced immunity against Omicron variant; i) comparative incidence of adverse effects after vaccination in recovered individuals vs. COVID-19-naïve subjects. Material and Methods: through multiple search engines we investigated COVID-19 literature related to the aims of the review, published since April 2020 through July 2022, including also the previous articles pertinent to the investigated topics. Results: nearly 900 studies were collected and 238 pertinent articles were included. It was highlighted that the vast majority of individuals after COVID-19 develop a natural immunity both of cell-mediated and humoral type, which is effective over time and provides protection against both reinfection and serious illness. Vaccine-induced immunity was shown to decay faster than natural immunity. In general, the severity of the symptoms of reinfection is significantly lower than in the primary infection, with a lower degree of hospitalizations (0.06%) and an extremely low mortality. Conclusions: this narrative review regarding a vast number of articles highlighted the valuable protection induced by the natural immunity after COVID-19, which seems comparable or superior to the one induced by anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Vaccination of the unvaccinated COVID-19-recovered subjects may not be indicated. Further research is needed in order to: a) measure the durability of immunity over time; b) evaluate both the impacts of Omicron-5 on vaccinated and healed subjects and of hybrid immunity.

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Investigating trends in those who experience menstrual bleeding changes after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination

Cited by 106 publications

References 79 publications

Changes In the Menstrual Cycle Among the Covid-19 Vaccinated Women in The Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey, 2022

Changes In the Menstrual Cycle Among the Covid-19 Vaccinated Women in The Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey, 2022

Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Menstrual Cycle: A Cross-Sectional Study From Karachi, Pakistan

SARS-CoV-2 - The Role of Natural Immunity: A Narrative Review

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