Investigation and reduction methods of specific absorption rate for biomedical applications: A survey

Priyadarshini, S. Jemima; Hemanth, D. Jude

doi:10.1002/mmce.21211

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…The SAR characteristics are observed on human head and on arm and the corresponding obtained figures are plotted in Figure for three operating frequencies at 3.6 GHz, 4GHz, 7.2 GHz, 8GHz, and 10.5 GHz. As per FCC the SAR should be 1.6 W/Kg averaged over 1 g of tissue . As per IEEE and ICNIRP the SAR values are 2 W/Kg averaged over 10 g of tissue and 1.6 W/Kg for 1 g of tissue.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Circular ring structured ultra-wideband antenna for wearable applications

Nadh

Madhav

Kumar

et al. 2018

Int J RF Microw Comput Aided Eng

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This article explores the design and analysis of a novel ultra‐wideband (UWB) antenna for body‐centric applications. The designed antenna consists of circular ring structured radiating element with 24 spokes, which resembles the shape of Ashoka chakra (Indian National flag emblem). The antenna placed on the semi flexible RT/Duroid 5880 with dielectric constant of 2.2 and occupying the dimension of 30 × 25 × 0.8 mm3. The present design aims at optimizing the antenna structure to cater UWB operating spectrum (3.1‐10.6 GHz) with a novel patch shape, which looks like the Ashoka chakra. The proposed antenna is analyzed by placing on three‐layered human phantom model and examined on head, arm at three of its operating frequencies. The maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) is found to be 1.23 W/kg and 1.29 W/kg when computed at arm and head of the human body respectively. The SAR values are observed under those conditions are satisfying the international safety standards such as FCC & IEEE C95.1:2005 & ICNIPR. Analysis of system savant (ANSYS Savant) radiation performance characteristics are also studied by placing the proposed antenna on virtual human body environment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As per FCC the SAR should be 1.6 W/Kg averaged over 1 g of tissue. 22 As per IEEE and ICNIRP the SAR values are 2 W/Kg averaged over 10 g of tissue and 1.6 W/Kg for 1 g of tissue. The obtained results of the current antenna are satisfying the standards and the observed values are tabulated in Table 3.…”

Section: Antenna Placed On the Human Bodymentioning

confidence: 99%

Circular ring structured ultra-wideband antenna for wearable applications

Nadh

Madhav

Kumar

et al. 2018

Int J RF Microw Comput Aided Eng

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“…According to International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines, the maximum acceptable SAR level on human body is 1.6 W/kg. An extensive literature survey on several techniques and materials for SAR reduction are discussed in [24,25]. In recent years, electromagnetic metamaterials have been used widely for SAR reduction in the design of antennas [26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Triple-Band Antenna With a Metamaterial Slab for Gain Enhancement and Specific Absorption Rate (Sar) Reduction

Rosaline¹

2021

PIER C

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A compact triple-band antenna of size 20 × 13 × 1.6 mm 3 for WLAN (2.4/5 GHz) and WiMAX (3.5 GHz) applications and a metamaterial slab for Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) reduction are proposed in this paper. The antenna comprises a rectangular patch with two conjoint square split rings, attached along its top edge, to excite two resonances in the 2.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz range. The antenna is also backed with a slotted ground plane structure to achieve miniaturization. The radiator is subsequently slotted to yield the third tone around 3.5 GHz. Several parameters are tuned independently to achieve the desired bands of resonance around (2.2-2.6) GHz, (3.40-3.60) GHz, and (5.0-6.9) GHz with impedance bandwidths of 17%, 5.5%, and 46%, respectively. To validate the simulated results, the designed antenna is fabricated and measured experimentally. Later, a metamaterial slab composed of a 5 × 3 array of pentagonal split-rings printed on a 20 × 13 × 1.6 mm 3 FR-4 substrate is placed above the antenna at a suitable distance to increase the gain as well as to reduce the SAR. Inclusion of this slab improved the maximum radiation efficiency and gain of the proposed antenna from 65% and 2.7 dB to 80% and 3 dB. A cubical tissue model is designed and used for simulation. SAR reduction of 84.5% is inferred with the metamaterial slab. This paper has taken a cubical tissue model for SAR calculation, which can be further enhanced by taking a human phantom model in future.

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“…In [3], their study found that low-dose ionizing radiation exposure affects cognitive skills in exposed children later in life. It is reported that high doses of ionizing radiation to the head (20 -50 Gy) lead to severe learning and memory impairment which is characteristic for Alzheimer's at old age [4] [5]. It is reported in [6]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Easy Determination of Radiation Absorption in Brain Tissue from Mobile Phones Using Finite Element Method

Yakubu¹,

Abbas²,

Yunusa³

2019

OJBIPHY

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Brain tissue plays a significant role in both cognitive and psychomotor behavior of humans. However, their interaction with radiation emanating from hand held mobile devices is still not fully understood. This research was aimed at investigating radiation absorption in brain tissue. Bovine brain tissues ranging from lesser than 1 year to greater than 10 years of age were bought from a specialty store (Sigma-Aldrich). The tissues were used within 72 h of extraction for ex vivo brain experiments. The brain tissue was stored at 6˚C and then 16˚C for 24 h in the MRI room to reach thermal equilibrium before any experiments were undertaken. The averages for the dielectric constant were measured from 1-4 GHz using open ended coaxial probe (OECP) (85,070E; Agilent Technologies). The results obtained for the dielectric properties were then used as raw data in the numerical computation and simulation of the radiation absorption by the brain tissues for both adolescent and adults bovine brain tissue using finite element method (FEM). The measured dielectric constants varied for the different brain tissue from 54.39 to 39.29. Analysis showed that adolescents tissue absorbed more radiation than adults from mobile phoneradiation which is due to the higher dielectric property of adolescent brain tissue. The results obtained can be applied to human brain tissue since bovine shares the same compositional properties with humans.

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Investigation and reduction methods of specific absorption rate for biomedical applications: A survey

Cited by 21 publications

References 107 publications

Circular ring structured ultra-wideband antenna for wearable applications

Circular ring structured ultra-wideband antenna for wearable applications

A Triple-Band Antenna With a Metamaterial Slab for Gain Enhancement and Specific Absorption Rate (Sar) Reduction

Easy Determination of Radiation Absorption in Brain Tissue from Mobile Phones Using Finite Element Method

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