Investigation of accelerated Monte Carlo techniques for PET simulation and 3D PET scatter correction

Holdsworth, C.H.; Levin, C.S.; Farquhar, T.H.; Dahlbom, Magnus; Hoffman, Edward J.

doi:10.1109/23.910835

Cited by 33 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In 3D PET imaging, typically 40% or more of the detected coincidence events encounter at least 1 Compton scattering before detection. Scatter events reduce the image contrast and degrade quantitation (18,19). SSS is currently widely used for estimating the scatter contribution in PET, which considers single Compton scattering effects calculated using the Klein-Nishina formula.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scatter Correction with Combined Single-Scatter Simulation and Monte Carlo Simulation Scaling Improved the Visual Artifacts and Quantification in 3-Dimensional Brain PET/CT Imaging with ¹⁵O-Gas Inhalation

et al. 2017

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In 3-dimensional PET/CT imaging of the brain with O-gas inhalation, high radioactivity in the face mask creates cold artifacts and affects the quantitative accuracy when scatter is corrected by conventional methods (e.g., single-scatter simulation [SSS] with tail-fitting scaling [TFS-SSS]). Here we examined the validity of a newly developed scatter-correction method that combines SSS with a scaling factor calculated by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS-SSS). We performed phantom experiments and patient studies. In the phantom experiments, a plastic bottle simulating a face mask was attached to a cylindric phantom simulating the brain. The cylindric phantom was filled with F-FDG solution (3.8-7.0 kBq/mL). The bottle was filled with nonradioactive air or various levels ofF-FDG (0-170 kBq/mL). Images were corrected either by TFS-SSS or MCS-SSS using the CT data of the bottle filled with nonradioactive air. We compared the image activity concentration in the cylindric phantom with the true activity concentration. We also performed O-gas brain PET based on the steady-state method on patients with cerebrovascular disease to obtain quantitative images of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism. In the phantom experiments, a cold artifact was observed immediately next to the bottle on TFS-SSS images, where the image activity concentrations in the cylindric phantom were underestimated by 18%, 36%, and 70% at the bottle radioactivity levels of 2.4, 5.1, and 9.7 kBq/mL, respectively. At higher bottle radioactivity, the image activity concentrations in the cylindric phantom were greater than 98% underestimated. For the MCS-SSS, in contrast, the error was within 5% at each bottle radioactivity level, although the image generated slight high-activity artifacts around the bottle when the bottle contained significantly high radioactivity. In the patient imaging with O and CO inhalation, cold artifacts were observed on TFS-SSS images, whereas no artifacts were observed on any of the MCS-SSS images. MCS-SSS accurately corrected the scatters inO-gas brain PET when the 3-dimensional acquisition mode was used, preventing the generation of cold artifacts, which were observed immediately next to a face mask on TFS-SSS images. The MCS-SSS method will contribute to accurate quantitative assessments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scatter Correction with Combined Single-Scatter Simulation and Monte Carlo Simulation Scaling Improved the Visual Artifacts and Quantification in 3-Dimensional Brain PET/CT Imaging with ¹⁵O-Gas Inhalation

et al. 2017

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“…Even with thresholding, additional correction techniques, such as simulated scatter models, are required. In these methods, images are first reconstructed without scatter correction, and the initial reconstruction, together with the attenuation map, is used to simulate scatter events [9,16,17]. …”

Section: Pet Tomographic Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Image reconstruction for PET/CT scanners: past achievements and future challenges

Shan

Alessio

Kinahan

2010

Imaging in Medicine

110

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PET is a medical imaging modality with proven clinical value for disease diagnosis and treatment monitoring. The integration of PET and CT on modern scanners provides a synergy of the two imaging modalities. Through different mathematical algorithms, PET data can be reconstructed into the spatial distribution of the injected radiotracer. With dynamic imaging, kinetic parameters of specific biological processes can also be determined. Numerous efforts have been devoted to the development of PET image reconstruction methods over the last four decades, encompassing analytic and iterative reconstruction methods. This article provides an overview of the commonly used methods. Current challenges in PET image reconstruction include more accurate quantitation, TOF imaging, system modeling, motion correction and dynamic reconstruction. Advances in these aspects could enhance the use of PET/CT imaging in patient care and in clinical research studies of pathophysiology and therapeutic interventions. Keywordsanalytic reconstruction; fully 3D imaging; iterative reconstruction; maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization method; PET PET is a medical imaging modality with proven clinical value for the detection, staging and monitoring of a wide variety of diseases. This technique requires the injection of a radiotracer, which is then monitored externally to generate PET data [1,2]. Through different algorithms, PET data can be reconstructed into the spatial distribution of a radiotracer. PET imaging provides noninvasive, quantitative information of biological processes, and such functional information can be combined with anatomical information from CT scans. The integration of PET and CT on modern PET/CT scanners provides a synergy of the two imaging modalities, and can lead to improved disease diagnosis and treatment monitoring [3,4].Considering that PET imaging is limited by high levels of noise and relatively poor spatial resolution, numerous research efforts have been devoted to the development and improvement of PET image reconstruction methods since the introduction of PET in the 1970s. This article provides a brief introduction to tomographic reconstruction and an overview of the commonly used methods for PET. We start with the problem formulation and then introduce data correction methods. We then proceed with reconstruction methods

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“…In previous work, we streamlined the program, implemented some simple variance reduction techniques, and improved the efficiency by a factor of 24 while improving the accuracy of the program [11]. For this paper, we introduce innovative variance-reduction techniques and improved the efficiency of the program by an additional factor of seven.…”

Section: A Simulationmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Annihilation photons are transported through the medium using the very efficient delta scattering method [13], which is accurate to within 0.07% [11]. The simulated photons are propagated through the attenuation map using random numbers to determine locations and results of interactions.…”

Section: A Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance analysis of an improved 3-D PET Monte Carlo simulation and scatter correction

Holdsworth

Levin

Janecek

et al. 2002

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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We are developing an accelerated Monte Carlo simulation of positron emission tomography (PET) that can be used for scatter correction of three-dimensional (3-D) PET data. Our Monte Carlo technique accurately accounts for single, multiple, and dual Compton scatter events, attenuation through the patient bed, and activity from outside the field of view. We have incorporated innovative sampling techniques that are compatible with our simulation approach, increasing computational efficiency by a factor of seven while improving accuracy through more sophisticated stratification and by incorporating the true energy response of the scanner. The required execution time to acquire 10 million scatter coincidence events for a 3-D thorax PET scan is only 4 min on a 300-MHz Sun dual-processor workstation. We demonstrate that for a low-noise thorax phantom study, image data corrected using the Monte Carlo 3-D PET scatter correction demonstrate no statistically significant deviation from the true activity concentration provided corresponding input data are accurate. The speed and accuracy of our simulation makes it an efficient research tool for studying scatter effects in PET and a practical scatter correction for 3-D PET clinical imaging.

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Investigation of accelerated Monte Carlo techniques for PET simulation and 3D PET scatter correction

Cited by 33 publications

References 20 publications

Scatter Correction with Combined Single-Scatter Simulation and Monte Carlo Simulation Scaling Improved the Visual Artifacts and Quantification in 3-Dimensional Brain PET/CT Imaging with ¹⁵O-Gas Inhalation

Scatter Correction with Combined Single-Scatter Simulation and Monte Carlo Simulation Scaling Improved the Visual Artifacts and Quantification in 3-Dimensional Brain PET/CT Imaging with ¹⁵O-Gas Inhalation

Image reconstruction for PET/CT scanners: past achievements and future challenges

Performance analysis of an improved 3-D PET Monte Carlo simulation and scatter correction

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Investigation of accelerated Monte Carlo techniques for PET simulation and 3D PET scatter correction

Cited by 33 publications

References 20 publications

Scatter Correction with Combined Single-Scatter Simulation and Monte Carlo Simulation Scaling Improved the Visual Artifacts and Quantification in 3-Dimensional Brain PET/CT Imaging with 15O-Gas Inhalation

Scatter Correction with Combined Single-Scatter Simulation and Monte Carlo Simulation Scaling Improved the Visual Artifacts and Quantification in 3-Dimensional Brain PET/CT Imaging with 15O-Gas Inhalation

Image reconstruction for PET/CT scanners: past achievements and future challenges

Performance analysis of an improved 3-D PET Monte Carlo simulation and scatter correction

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Product

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Scatter Correction with Combined Single-Scatter Simulation and Monte Carlo Simulation Scaling Improved the Visual Artifacts and Quantification in 3-Dimensional Brain PET/CT Imaging with ¹⁵O-Gas Inhalation

Scatter Correction with Combined Single-Scatter Simulation and Monte Carlo Simulation Scaling Improved the Visual Artifacts and Quantification in 3-Dimensional Brain PET/CT Imaging with ¹⁵O-Gas Inhalation