Investigation of design characteristics and regulatory requirements for snowboarding helmets

Female bike riders’ clothing needs with the incorporation of wearable technology: Design and evaluation of wearers’ perception of smart clothing within the cradle-to-cradle design framework

“…Use of the FEA consumer needs model was an efficient approach for this study since it is one of the most commonly used design models: it specifically focuses on consumers and their requirements (Chae, 2006;Chae, 2010;Gam, 2008). The FEA assisted the researcher in identifying female bike riders' special bike wear needs.…”

“…To identify participants' special clothing needs for bike riding, the survey instrument was composed of questions asking for functional, expressive, and aesthetic design characteristics to be integrated into smart clothing designs for the next phase of the study. The following measures were adapted and modified for use in the Study 1 and were based on a previous study of females' clothing needs (Chae, 2006).…”

“…Functional needs. Nine items (see Table 1) were adapted from Chae (2006)'s functional needs dimension for measuring participants' needs for functional design characteristics in bike wear. To measure the degree of importance of functional design characteristics identified by the participants, a five-point Likert-type scale, ranging from "Not important at all" (1) to "Very important" (5) was used.…”

“…Expressive needs. Ten items (see Table 1) were adapted from Chae (2006)'s expressive needs dimension for measuring participants' needs for expressive design characteristics in bike wear. A five-point Likert-type scale ranging from "Not important at all" (1) to "Very important"…”

“…adapted for the current study to measure the importance of price in a consumers' purchase decision making process. The validity of this price measure was compared with the validation of Chae (2006)'s price-related item, one of the functional needs measurement items. The price measure with lower validity was eliminated from the proposed constructs of consumer needs for final data analysis.…”